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zool too fiddy lecture > lec 4 > Flashcards

lec 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the taxonomic group protists

A

-unranked, paraphyletic groupings of eukaryoties
-not plants, animals, or fungi

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2
Q

what are the two reasons kingdom protista given up on?

A

1) taxon not monophyletic
2) molecular divergencea

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3
Q

how many recognized phyla of protists

A

6 to 50

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4
Q

how are protists classified

A

-general morphology, modes of movement, modes of reproductions
-groupings of convenience

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5
Q

how many known species protists

A

73000

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6
Q

what is predicted true richness of protists

A

140000 to 1.6 millski

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7
Q

what is cellularity of protists

A

vast majoroty are unicellular or colonial

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8
Q

what protists are multicellular

A

most red algae and some green algae

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9
Q

asexual reproduction methods protists

A

binary fission
multiple fission
plasmotomy

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10
Q

binary fission

A

cell nucleus duplicates mitotically and then cell splits

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11
Q

multiple fission

A

nucleus undergoes several mitotic divisions before dividing into multiple
daughter cells with their own nucleus

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12
Q

plasmotomy

A

multinucleate (but still single-celled) individual splits into two
or more multinucleate daughter cells
similar to budding or fragmentation

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13
Q

opalinid symbionts of amphibians life cycle

A

both sexual and asexual plasmotomyreproduction

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14
Q

size of most protists

A

100-200 μm

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15
Q

skeletal structure created by protists metabolic activity

A

autogenic skeleton

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16
Q

skeleton made of other materials glued together
by the protist

A

allogenic skeleton

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17
Q

endosymbiosis
does it happen in protists

A

many instances among protists
-capture of aerobic proteobacterium by pre eukaryotic cell w membrane bound nucleus
bacterium–> mitochondrion

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18
Q

primary endosymbiosis

A

capture of free-living
bacteria by eukaryotes

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19
Q

secondary endosymbioses

A

capture of a eukaryotic cell by a eukaryotic
cell

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20
Q

photosynthetic plastid origin

A

ancient primary endosymbiosis bw heterotrophic
eukaryote and a photosynthetic cyanobacterium

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21
Q

what are the remenants of endosymbiosis by cryptomonads and chlorarachniophytes

A

-nucleus and nuclear genome of
their eukaryotic algal endosymbionts
-retain a total of four cell membranes around the
photosynthetic plastid

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22
Q

another word for nucleus

A

nucleomorph

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23
Q

types of locomotion in protists

A

some sessile
most are either sedentary or mobile

24
Q

planktonic

A

float without much control over
their lateral direction

25
Q

pseudopodia

A

temporary
cytoplasm-filled extensions of
the cell used for locomotion
and prey

26
Q

pseudopodia most common in

A

Amoebozoa

27
Q

2 main types of
pseudopodia

A

lobopodia
axopodia

28
Q

lobopodia

A

blunt, thick extensions

29
Q

axopodia

A

thin, rigid, supported by microtubules

30
Q

what can cytoplasm in cell be like? (2)

A

fluid endoplasm
thick and gel-like ectoplasm

31
Q

Ciliata has a distinct

A

abundance of cilia

32
Q

photoautotrophic protists feeding

A

sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make
their own carbohydrates

33
Q

heterotrophic protists

A

feed on other
organisms

34
Q

mixotrophic protists

A

can feed on others or make their own carbohydrates

35
Q

in feeding, ____move water and particulate matter
towards the _____

A

cillia, cytostome

36
Q

phagocytosis

A

solid food particles are surrounded by a
vacuole in
which they are digested

37
Q

pinocytosis

A

dissolved material via very
small vesicles that open at the cell membranes
surface

38
Q

food vacuole

A

digestion of solid
particles

39
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

accumulate and
expel excess water

40
Q

contractile vacuoles are more prominent
in

A

freshwater protists
solute
concentrations in their cytoplasm is often
higher than in the surrounding water(prolly dont have 2 know)

41
Q

Phyla Diplomonadida and
Parabasalida unique features

A
  • lack mitochondria, but had them originally(no use in anoxic enviro)
  • anoxic habitats such as
    stinky substrates and animal guts
42
Q

what phyla and genus causes beaver fever

A

diplomonad, Giardia

43
Q

parabasalids include

A

hypermastigote protists, some endosymbionts of insects

44
Q

what help hypermastigotes swim

A

ectosymbiotic spirochaete
bacteria associated w cell membrane

45
Q

Phylum Euglenida distinct features

A

-pellicle
-move using their flagella
-red light detecting eyespot for finding areas for photosynthesis

46
Q

phylum Kinetoplastida

A

move using flagella that create broad undulating membrane
-kinetoplast

47
Q

kinetoplast

A

single, large mitochondrion with a high concentration of mtDNA

48
Q

what cause sleeping sickness? what phyla

A

trypanosomes, kinetoplastida

49
Q

ciliata distinctive features

A

complex, directed, animalike movement
(even though single celled)
macro and micronucleus

50
Q

micronucleus

A

diploid involved in sexual reproduction

51
Q

macronucleus

A

hyperpolyploid
many copies of the genome that is involved in metabolism

52
Q

Phylum Choanoflagellata distinctive features

A

cell has a collar of interconnected
microvilli surrounding single flagellum

53
Q

Choanoflagellata collar and flagellum function

A

beating of the flagellum draws water in
through the collar, which acts as a filter, removing food to be later phagocytosed

54
Q

how are choanoflagellata related to animals (3)

A

-look like the collar
cells of sponges
-colonial tendencies suggests origin of multicellularity
-molecularly fall out near base of metazoa

55
Q

newly discovered choanoflagellate movement

A

-move by flexing an entire
sheet of cells up and down
-response to light levels

zool too fiddy lecture (11 decks)

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