Lecture 2: Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

What components does the preganglionic fiber link?

Answer 1

CNS to ganglion

Question 2

What components does the postganglionic fiber connect?

Answer 2

Ganglion to gland cells, smooth muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells

Question 3

Where does the output leave the spinal cord in the parasympathetic division?

Answer 3

At cranial and sacral regions

Question 4

Where does the output leave the spinal cord in the sympathetic division?

Answer 4

It runs all the way down the spinal cord

Question 5

What is the structure of acetylcholine?

Answer 5

Has a permanent positive charge
Has ester linkage

Question 6

What are the two types of acetylcholine receptor?

Answer 6

Nicotinic and muscarinic

Question 7

What are some features of nicotinic receptors?

Answer 7

• Pentameric
• 16 subunits
• Many subtypes
• Built in ion channels
• 2+ ACh sites
• Responses µs-ms

Question 8

What are some features of muscarinic receptors?

Answer 8

• Monomeric
• M1-5 subtypes
• 5 Receptor types
• Binding site for G proteins
• 1 ACh site
• Responses ms-s

Question 9

What are the agonists of nitotinic receptors?

Answer 9

Nicotine and Suxamethonium

Question 10

What are the antagonists of nicotinic receptors?

Answer 10

Atracurium and tubocurarine

Question 11

What are the agonists of muscarinic receptors?

Answer 11

Muscarine and Pilocarpine

Question 12

What are the antagonists of muscarinic receptors?

Answer 12

Atropine and Hyosine

Question 13

What is the process of the cholinergic terminal?

Answer 13

1. Signal activates voltage gated calcium ion channels to open
2. Calcium enters pre synaptic terminal
3. Vesicles containing ACh fuse with membrane
4. ACh diffuses across membrane and interacts with receptors

Question 14

What is the processing of recycling choline?

Answer 14

1. Leftover choline is taken back up to the nerve terminal by a carrier
2. Its made back into ACh by enzyme choline acetyl transferase
3. New ACh put into vesicles ready for release

Question 15

Which parts of the nervous system are nicotinic receptors associated with?

Answer 15

NMJ, CNS and Autonomic ganglia

Question 16

Which parts of the nervous system are the muscarinic receptors associated with?

Answer 16

CNS, Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

Question 17

What are the different subtypes of muscarinic receptors?

Answer 17

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5

Question 18

What is the location of M1?

Answer 18

Glands
Cerebral cortex
Autonomic ganglia

Question 19

What is the pathway of M1?

Answer 19

IP3 (Gq)

Question 20

What are the selected roles of M1?

Answer 20

Cognition (not fully known)

Question 21

What are the therapeutic targets of M1?

Answer 21

Schizophrenia, Alzeimer’s and Cancer

Question 22

What are the side effects of M1?

Answer 22

Cognitive issues

Question 23

What are the locations of M2?

Answer 23

Heart, CNS and smooth muscle

Question 24

What is the pathway of M2?

Answer 24

↓cAMP (Gi)

Question 25

What are the selected roles of M2?

Answer 25

Modulate heart rate, Modulate smooth muscle

Question 26

What are the therapeutic targets of M2?

Answer 26

Bradycardia, Alzheimer's, Depression

Question 27

What are the side effects of M2?

Answer 27

Tachycardia

Question 28

What are the locations of M3?

Answer 28

Glands, smooth muscle

Question 29

What is the pathway of M3?

Answer 29

IP3 (Gq)

Question 30

What are the selected roles of M3?

Answer 30

Smooth muscle contraction and exocrine secretion

Question 31

What are the therapeutic targets of M3?

Answer 31

Overactive bladder IBS Siogren's syndrome Glaucoma

Question 32

What are the side effects of M3?

Answer 32

Dry mouth Constipation Worse glaucoma T2DM

Question 33

What are the locations of M4?

Answer 33

CNS and salivary gland

Question 34

What is the pathway of M4?

Answer 34

↓cAMP (Gi)

Question 35

What are the selected roles of M4?

Answer 35

Salivary gland (not fully known)

Question 36

What are the therapeutic targets of M4?

Answer 36

Drug addiction

Question 37

What are the side effects of M4?

Answer 37

Hypersalivation

Question 38

What is the location of M5?

Answer 38

CNS

Question 39

What is the pathway of M5?

Answer 39

IP3 (Gq)

Question 40

What are the selected roles of M5?

Answer 40

Unknown

Question 41

What are the therapeutic targets of M5?

Answer 41

Drug addiction

Question 42

What are the side effects of M5?

Answer 42

None

Question 43

What are selective ligands?

Answer 43

Agonist binding site is highly conserved Very few selective agonists or competitive antagonists

Question 44

What are the agonists of Adrenaline?

Answer 44

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 45

What is the difference between adrenaline and noradrenaline?

Answer 45

Adrenaline has an extra methyl group on the nitrogen Both are catecholamines

Question 46

What is the process of adrenaline at the synapse?

Answer 46

1. NT interacts with adrenoreceptor GPCR 2. NT not broke down but reuptaken whole into synapse and surrounding cells 3. Amount of NT in vesicles controlled by enzymes

Question 47

What is the process of the biosynthesis of adrenaline?

Answer 47

1. Tryosine becomes L-DOPA using tyrosine hydroxylase 2. L-DOPA becomes Dopamine using DOPA decarboxylase 3. Dopamine becomes Noradrenaline using Dopamine B(eta)-hydroxylase 4. Noradrenaline becomes Adrenaline using Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase

Question 48

How many adrenergic neurons and receptors are in the sympathetic and central nervous system?

Answer 48

All 9 subtypes

Question 49

What is alpha 1?

Answer 49

Andrenoceptor Does vasoconstriction Contracts visceral smooth muscle Relaxes GI tract Agonist = Phenylephrine Antagonist = Doxazosin

Question 50

What is beta 1?

Answer 50

Adrenoceptor Increases heart rate and contraction force Release of renin Agonist = Dobutamine Antagonist = Atenolol

Question 51

What is beta 2?

Answer 51

Andrenoceptor Bronchodilation Vasodilation Relax smooth muscle Agonist = Salbutamol and salmeterol Antagonist = Butoxamine