Lecture 2 + Arts (2021) Flashcards
What is the Environmental Layer Concept?
Concept of different layers that determine how the environment and infrastructure relate to each other and live next to each other:
* ground layer:
Natural conditions of (sub)soil
Important determinants in NL: water systems, altitude, soil types, geological characteristics
Materials, resources (minerals, water)
“Historical archive”
“identity of the landscape”
Cycles (water, energy, resources) on local, regional, national and global scale
Slow processes
Dynamics > 100 years
- Network layer:
Networks (of lines and nodes)
Physical infrastructure (above ground, in underground)
Connecting element + structuring element
Carriers of urban, social and economic networks
Growth last decades
Rather low dynamics - occupation layer:
Spatial patterns due to human use
Organisation of land occupancy, land-use
Housing, working, agriculture, recreation, traffic
Infrastructure structures developments
Massive changes in size and nature human settlements (population growth, economic growth, urbanization, globalisation)
Highly dynamic (processes)
Explain how the different layers interact with each other.
occupancy/land use creates a need for infrastructure, because places need to be reached. However, We want to protect the Ground Layer and not change the system. Because of these systems, the infrastructure has constructional requirements. For land use to be reached, they must be accessible. So the infrastructure leads to a need for acessibility of the occupancy layer.
What is the secret extra 4th layer?
The policy layer. because they shape the environment. The regulations, procedures. Policies are highly dynamic and influence all other layers.
Describe the planning process and what each step is about.
policy (why?) - plans, programs (what, where?) - projects (when?) - construction (how?, who?) - operation, management (How?) - decommissioning
classic planning process consists of different elements. Which ones?
problem analysis
goal formulation
development of alternatives
prediction, assessment of consequences, impacts
determination of remedial measures
comparison, evaluation of alternatives (ex ante)
reporting, communication, consultation public
(motivated) decision-making
implementation, taking action
monitoring and evaluation (ex post)
feedback! (for learning, adaptation)
What is the flaw of rational planning?
There are limitations to logic of control. Things always happen in different ways than presumably thought. Government to governance.
How do networks develop?
In stages. Technical system develops in relation to institutional system and vice versa. connection to governance and institutional framework. Also the sector, other ‘competing’ fields like spatial planning and water management. also society.
Change between old infrastructure procedures and the infrastructure act?
Less juridical processes where people can make ‘bezwaar’.
Explain what hindrance power is and how it can be used by people?
With infrastructure planning you have big, long procedures. Within these procedures a lot of public consultaten and advice + possibility to appeal to court is possible. This leads to much hindrance power. People can delay or stop spatial developments with objection
why is decision-making a national government task?
Decision-making on major roads, railways and waterways is seen as a matter of national interest. –> Ministers are responsible.
Also NIMBY nature of road planning and slow decision-making processes in the past.
Problem = still long-lasting planning process while huge mobility problems (congestion, safety, environment). How can this problem be solved?
By integrating more tailor-made procedures for different types of projects needed.
Basic idea: integration of regulations would help in coordinating and speeding planning and decision-making. Is this true?!?
I don’t know. it’s still complex. bringing the laws and regulations together won’t change that.
What is the basis for road infrastructure planning in the Netherlands?
Basis for road infrastructure planning:
Traffic and Transport Planning Act (“Planwet V&V”)+ Spatial Planning Act (“WRO”)Now replaced by Environment & Planning Act (“Omgevingswet)=> National Strategic Vision Infrastructure & Space (“SVIR” => “NOVI”)
Infra Fund Act (+ Infra Fund Decree) => Mobility Fund+ “MIRT”-Regulations (“MIRT-spelregels”)=> Long-Range Program Infrastructure, Space & Transport (“MIRT”)
Infrastructure (Planning Procedures) Act (“Tracéwet”)+ Environmental Management Act - EIA (“Wm”)Now replaced by Environment & Planning Act (“Omgevingswet)=> Route Decision
Regulations for Maintenance of roads, waterways, railways etc. Asset Management=> Road management and maintenance plans
What is a consequence of all the characteristics of transport planning in NL?
Heavy requirements on consultation and quality of info before route decision.
Arts et al. (2021) discuss that because of resistance against negative impacts of infrastructure development, since the 1960s more and more tools and approaches were introduced which often became part of (legal) regulations – ‘a process of …XXX…’.
Choose the correct term for the …XXX… - section.
Institutionalization
