Lecture 2 Flashcards
Why do premature infants have poor body temperature regulation?
Hypothalamus last bit to develop, controls temperature
Neuromuscular coordination progresses in ______to ______ and _______to __________
superior to inferior, proximal to distal
Name 3 things that cause the brain to shrink or give symptoms of senility
age, excessive alcohol, boxing
How many layers does the embryonic tube have? What is the purpose of each layer and its name?
3- ectoderm, outside, forms CNS and skin
mesoderm , middle, forms everything between skin and gut, endoderm forms the gut (inside)
Neural folds migrate to form the ______ which will form the _____ nervous system. The Neural groove becomes the _____ which forms the _____ nervous system.
neural crest, forms PNS.
Neural tube, CNS
Draw the head and tail of the neural tube thing. What is the head and tail called, when do they close and what structure doesn’t form if there is a problem with each?
Head: closes after 25 days, called the rostalneuropore, brain won’t form
tail: codalneuropore, closed 27 days, no spinal chord
What is anencephaly?
when the rostalneuropore does not close, brain won’t develop
Name and differentiate between the 4 different types of Spina Bifida
Occulta: Mildest, tuft of hair on lower back, vertebrae doesn’t fully cover spinal chord
Cystica with meningocele: small lump, meninges protrude only
Cystica With Meningomycelele: spinal chord exposed in lump, CNS and astrocytes present at the lump
Myeloschisis: spinal chord can be seen externally
What is Cephalization?
Development of anterior portion of CNS, most developped in humans
Break down into a diagram the 3 primary vesicles that form at the anterior end of the neural tube. Name each, then break down what part of the brain it is and what secondary vesicles they form, what structure they produce and what neural canal each location is.
1- prosencephalon—forebrain—talencephalon (cerebral cortex) , diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus, retina), lateral and 3rd ventricle, respectively
2- mesencephalon—midbrain—mesencephalon, brain stem, it is the cerebral aquaduct
3- rhombencephalon—-hindbrain—metencephalon (pons), myelencephalon(medulla oblongata), fourth ventricle and central canal, respectively
What are unique characteristics of the somatic nervous system?
cell body in CNS, very think/myelinated group A fibers extend directly to effector organ, cause a stimulus
What is the two neuron chain in the autonomic NS. What are characteristics? What NT do each release? What type of stimulus does it perform?
preganglionic, in CNS, thin myelinate pregang axon, release ACh.
postganglionic, ganglion outside CNS, nonmyelinated post ganglionic axon, release norepinephorine or ACh, can be excitatory or inhibitory based on receptor
What are the names of the receptors for PANS and SANS and what type of signal transduction do they do?
Pans- moscorenic—-g protein, nicotenic—-ion channel
Sans- alpha and beta—-g protein
What are the 2 exceptions of the sympathetic NS?
preganglion goes straight to adrenal medulla, NO post synpactic
some release ACh at the post synaptic, sweat gland or the erector pili muscle
What are some distinct characterizations of the fiber make up of the parasympathetic NS?
Extends from CNS to target organ. Long pregang fibers, synapse with terminal ganglia close to target, SHORT post gang fiber synapse w/ effector
Describe the cranial nerves using 1973, what are their names? Functions as well.
10- vagus nerve, for all thoracic and abdominal viscera
9- glossophryngeal, parotid salivary glands
7- facial, head
3- oculomotor nerve, smooth muscle of the eye
What are the names of the ganglia that the 1973 cranial nerves synapse with and what glands do they reach?
All in brain stem, order from up to down.
3- oculomotor—ciliary ganglia—ciliary muscle
7-facial, pterygopalatin—palate glands (pain and temp sensation)
7-facial—submandibular ganglia–submandibular and sublingual glands
9-glossophyrngeal- otic ganglia–parotid gland
10- provides parasympathetic distribution across the rest of the body
What are characteristics of the Sympathetic NS? Where are the located on the vertebrae?
Pregan short, pass through WHITE RAMI communicantes and enter the SYMPATHETIC TRUNK GANGLIA
Location from T1-L2
What are the 3 options the pregang fiber has upon entering the sympathetic trunk?
1- pre-synapse at ganglia-post-effector (status quo)
2- pre-no synapse at ganglia-moves up or down trunk and synapses at different level
3- pre synapses at a different ganglia than itself but at the SAME LEVEL.
What type of effectors have their fibers synapse in the trunk ganglia itself?
sweat glands, arrector pili muscles and vascular smooth muscle
The sympathetic pathways that emerge from T1-T4, where do they fibers lead? What ganglia? What are symptoms of it mall functioning? What is the name of the syndrome?
lead to head, through the superior cervical ganglion. They stimulate sweat, contriction of the iris, keep eye lids open. Horner syndrome: droopy eyes, contricted iris, no sweat
Where do fibers from T1-T6 synapse and lead to?
Synapse at cervical trunk ganglia and lead to the heart, thyroid, lungs and esophagus
T5-L2 synapse in the _______ and lead to the ______, _____, _______, etc via the ______ and ________
collateral ganglia, stomach, liver, kidneys, celiac and mesenterics
T10-L2 synapse in the ______ and _________ ganglia. Where do the post-Gang fibers lead?
inferior mesenteric and hypogastric ganglia. Lead to large intestine, bladder, reproductive organs.
