Lecture 2 Flashcards
Why do premature infants have poor body temperature regulation?
Hypothalamus last bit to develop, controls temperature
Neuromuscular coordination progresses in ______to ______ and _______to __________
superior to inferior, proximal to distal
Name 3 things that cause the brain to shrink or give symptoms of senility
age, excessive alcohol, boxing
How many layers does the embryonic tube have? What is the purpose of each layer and its name?
3- ectoderm, outside, forms CNS and skin
mesoderm , middle, forms everything between skin and gut, endoderm forms the gut (inside)
Neural folds migrate to form the ______ which will form the _____ nervous system. The Neural groove becomes the _____ which forms the _____ nervous system.
neural crest, forms PNS.
Neural tube, CNS
Draw the head and tail of the neural tube thing. What is the head and tail called, when do they close and what structure doesn’t form if there is a problem with each?
Head: closes after 25 days, called the rostalneuropore, brain won’t form
tail: codalneuropore, closed 27 days, no spinal chord
What is anencephaly?
when the rostalneuropore does not close, brain won’t develop
Name and differentiate between the 4 different types of Spina Bifida
Occulta: Mildest, tuft of hair on lower back, vertebrae doesn’t fully cover spinal chord
Cystica with meningocele: small lump, meninges protrude only
Cystica With Meningomycelele: spinal chord exposed in lump, CNS and astrocytes present at the lump
Myeloschisis: spinal chord can be seen externally
What is Cephalization?
Development of anterior portion of CNS, most developped in humans
Break down into a diagram the 3 primary vesicles that form at the anterior end of the neural tube. Name each, then break down what part of the brain it is and what secondary vesicles they form, what structure they produce and what neural canal each location is.
1- prosencephalon—forebrain—talencephalon (cerebral cortex) , diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus, retina), lateral and 3rd ventricle, respectively
2- mesencephalon—midbrain—mesencephalon, brain stem, it is the cerebral aquaduct
3- rhombencephalon—-hindbrain—metencephalon (pons), myelencephalon(medulla oblongata), fourth ventricle and central canal, respectively
What are unique characteristics of the somatic nervous system?
cell body in CNS, very think/myelinated group A fibers extend directly to effector organ, cause a stimulus
What is the two neuron chain in the autonomic NS. What are characteristics? What NT do each release? What type of stimulus does it perform?
preganglionic, in CNS, thin myelinate pregang axon, release ACh.
postganglionic, ganglion outside CNS, nonmyelinated post ganglionic axon, release norepinephorine or ACh, can be excitatory or inhibitory based on receptor
What are the names of the receptors for PANS and SANS and what type of signal transduction do they do?
Pans- moscorenic—-g protein, nicotenic—-ion channel
Sans- alpha and beta—-g protein
What are the 2 exceptions of the sympathetic NS?
preganglion goes straight to adrenal medulla, NO post synpactic
some release ACh at the post synaptic, sweat gland or the erector pili muscle
What are some distinct characterizations of the fiber make up of the parasympathetic NS?
Extends from CNS to target organ. Long pregang fibers, synapse with terminal ganglia close to target, SHORT post gang fiber synapse w/ effector
