Final- Pathology

Question 1

Infections- explain what meningitis and encephalitis is

Answer 1

m= acute inflammation of the meninges, the protective layer of the brain and spinal chord.
e= infection to the actual components of the brain

Question 2

Infections- describe/give examples of viral infections that can cause Meningitis or Enchephalitis

Answer 2

M= herpes, self limiting, low mortality rate
E= Manifestation to PML, causes necrosis of the brain

Question 3

Infections- describe/give examples of bacterial infections that can cause Meningitis. What is absess?

Answer 3

Gram - like e.coli in neonates and strepto in elderly cause cranial nerve impairment.
Absess is puss, dead cells accumulating

Question 4

Infections- describe/give examples of mycobacteria infections that can cause Meningitis.

Answer 4

Gets inside lungs, AIDs patients infected with avian version

Question 5

Infections- describe/give examples of fungal infections that can cause Enchephalitis. What is absess and give a few symptoms.

Answer 5

Candida and aspergillus are examples. Can cause absess (puss), white/yellow. If the infection is near a nerve and is causing inflammation or is pushing down on it, that body part will not be able to move.

Question 6

Infections- describe/give examples of prion infections that can cause Enchephalitis

Answer 6

Mad cow, comes from meat. Causes dementia, memory loss, personality change

Question 7

Vascular disease- Global cerebral ischemia, what are the consequences and symptoms

Answer 7

trauma, hemorrhage or cardiac arrest.

Water shed region most susceptible, leads to drop in blood flow

Question 8

Vascular disease- Transient ischemia attach, what are the consequences and symptoms

Answer 8

reversible within 24 hours, blocked blood vessel, stoke occurs if not cured

Question 9

Vascular disease- Epidural Hemorrhage, what are the consequences and symptoms

Answer 9

trauma, talk and die, lens shape blood accumulation, skull fracture tears an artery

Question 10

Vascular disease- Subdural Hemorrhage, what are the consequences and symptoms

Answer 10

vein rupture, more in elderly, cresent shape blood accumulation

Question 11

Vascular disease- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, what are the consequences and symptoms

Answer 11

where the CSF is, weakness of BV cause aneurysm, severe headaches, most common bv breaks occurs in circle of willis

Question 12

Vascular disease- Concussion , what are the consequences and symptoms

Answer 12

impact against surface, causes throwing up

Question 13

Vascular disease- Contusion, what are the consequences and symptoms

Answer 13

bruise in brain, causes hemorrhage of brain tissue or death

Question 14

review parkingsons

Answer 14

and huntingtons

Question 15

Alzheimer
What increases the risk?
What is the cause of it?
What are the symptoms?

Answer 15

age increases risk, causes by plaques that form on the hippocampus due to too much tau or amyloid protein.
leads to loss of memory, aphasia and apraxia

Question 16

CNS tumors- General symptoms (4)

Answer 16

headache at night and morning, seizures, mental changes and lots of intracranial pressure

Question 17

CNS tumors- astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependyoma. What are the causes/distinct characteristics

Answer 17

asto- caused by astrocytes, MIDLINE latered
oligo- seizures, old people
ependymona- ependymal cells, produce too much CSF, causes swelling of the brain

Question 18

CNS tumors- meningioma, schwannoma

Answer 18

menin- benign, never malignant, lots of pressure is felt, causes wavelike arrangements of cells under microscope
schwannoma- affects CNVIII, loss of hearing, bilateral.