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Microbiology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

3 patterns of flagella distribution in a cell

A

Polar- at one end
Peritrichous- all over
Lophotricious- multiple at one end

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1
Q

What is a flagellum?

A

Structure that allows for motility in some orgs

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2
Q

Regardless of distribution, flagella use a lot of ________ which will cause what to happen?

A

H+, will deplete H+ that are in H+ gradient, decreases ability of cell to produce ATP

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3
Q

Describe the speeds of a flagellum

A

There are no speeds and you cannot turn it off

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4
Q

Because of massive H+ demand of flagella, what does cell do?

A

It can “drop” flagella

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5
Q

Spore details

A

Highly resistant to temp, desiccation, chemicals, etc.
Form of survival
Occurs in response to stress
Sporulating cell becomes the spore, 1 cell becomes 1 spore
No chromosomal replication, original chromosome gets packaged into the spore
Not metabolically active

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6
Q

Layers of prokaryotic spore

A

Exosporium
Spore coat
Cortex
Core wall and core

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7
Q

Exosporium

A

Sticky, more likely to be transported, helps with dispersion, can have different chemical compositions

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8
Q

Spore coat

A

Contains enzymes that will help with germination

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9
Q

Cortex

A

Thick layer of peptidoglycan

ONLY GRAM + can sporulate (not all do)

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10
Q

Core wall and core

A
  • high conc. of Ca2+ and dipicolinic acid (not found in any other biological system) (help with resilience but don’t know how)
  • high number of ribosomes
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11
Q

Structure of flagellum

A

Basal body
Mot proteins
Fli proteins
Support rings embedded in cell layers, anchored in cell wall
Extending out from cell wall or outer membrane, a hook structure
Helical in shape

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12
Q

Basal body

A

Flagellum engine located just inside of cell membrane so it can turn flagellum itself and have access to H+

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13
Q

Mot proteins

A

Rotate flagellum

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14
Q

Fli proteins

A

Determines direction of rotation
Counter clockwise: forward (run)
Clockwise: tumble

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15
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Motile cells response to environmental cues
Mostly applies to flagellate motility
Response to enviro cues via series of runs and tumbles; length of runs increase in detection of nutrients

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16
Q

Examples of taxis

A

Chemotaxis: response to chemicals
Thermotaxis: response to temp
Phototaxis: response to light

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17
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A

Based on sphere
3/r
Larger cells - less metabolically efficient
Prok. More efficient than euk. Metabolically

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18
Q

Definition of metabolism

A

All chemical processes in a cell
2 components:
1. Anabolism: biosynthesis (building cellular materials - requires energy
2. Catabolism - degradation (releases energy)

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19
Q

Energy molecules in a cell

A

ATP- assists for breakdown and work

NADPH- used in biosynthesis

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20
Q

ΔG

A

Amount of free energy associated with substrate
(-) exergonic - readily give up e
(+) endergonic
Example: ATP ΔG=-7.3 exergonic, used in endergonic reactions

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21
Q

Eo = reduction potential

A

(-) likely to release e

(+) likely to accept e

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22
Q

Energy source classifications

A

Chemoorganotroph- use organic C for energy (eg. Glucose)

Chemolithotroph- use inorganic electron donors for energy (eg. H, N, S, Fe

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23
Q

Carbon sources

A

Heterotroph- use organic C as carbon source (eg. Glucose)

Autotroph- use inorganic C as carbon source (eg. CO2)

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24
Q

What are the different parts of respiration

A

Glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), TCA cycle, electron transport chain (ETC)

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25
Q

Two forms of respiration

A
  • aerobic: use O2 as terminal electron acceptor
  • anaerobic: use something other than O2 as TEA (eg. N, S, Fe, etc.)

TEA other than O2 has slower growth

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26
Q

Total energy balance from glycolysis in aerobic respiration

A

2 ATP
2 NADH –> 6 ATP

8 total

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27
Q

Total energy balance from TCA cycle in aerobic respiration

A

8 NADH—> 24 ATP
2 FADH2—> 4 ATP
2 GTP —> 2 ATP

30 ATP

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28
Q

Total ATP produced in aerobic respiration

A

38 ATP

29
Q

Pathways in fermentation

A

Glycolysis, TCA cycle, PPP, fermentation steps

30
Q

Fermentation steps

A

Use NADH
Use pyruvate from glycolysis
End products include alcohols and organic acids

31
Q

Fermentation

A

Anaerobic metabolism

No ETC; no H gradient, no ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation

32
Q

Limitations to fermentation

A

No oxidative phosphorylation so produce very little ATP
Make end products that are toxic to the cell that generated it
Reduction in bio synthetic intermediates

33
Q

Glycolysis intermediates

A

Glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Pyruvate

34
Q

TCA cycle intermediates and products

A

Intermediates:
Acetyl CoA
α-ketoglutarate
Oxaloacetate

Products
4 NADH/pyruvate
1 GTP
1 FADH2
Biosynthetic intermediates
CO2
35
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway

A

Starting substrate is glucose-6-phosphate
Produces NADPH
Produces Biosynthetic intermediates

Intermediates
Glyceraldehyde-3-P
Fructose-6-P
Pyruvate

36
Q

Quinone

A

Transport electrons

37
Q

What happens as electrons move down the electron transport chain?

A

H+ pumped into periplasmic space

38
Q

What is the terminal electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

O2

39
Q

What is the terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

A

Something other than O2

40
Q

What is the initiator of the electron transport chain in respiration?

A

NADH dehydrogenase- releases H+ and electrons

41
Q

Where is the ATPase?

A

In the cell membrane, has 30 degree rotations

42
Q

Fermentation steps

A

Purpose: recycles NADH into NAD+
Unless genetically modified orgs have several pathways
Toxic end products eg. Ethanol, lactic acid, propionate
Uses pyruvate

43
Q

Organisms that use chemolithotrophy are

A

Chemolithoautotrophs: use inorganic source of electrons and CO2 as source of C

44
Q

Do all chemolithotrophs use chemolithotrophy?

A

No, some use photosynthesis

45
Q

Where does the inorganic e donor donate it’s es to in chemolithotrophy?

A

Directly to the ETC, don’t need to be shuttled

46
Q

How are Biosynthetic intermediates made in chemolithotrophy?

A

Turn CO2 into organic C by the Calvin cycle or reverse TCA cycle

47
Q

Reverse TCA cycle

A

3CO2—> pyruvate

Requires energy from NADH or NADPH

48
Q

Calvin cycle

A

6CO2 —> fructose-6-PO4

Requires 12 NADPH and 18 ATP per cycle

49
Q

A species will use _____ reverse TCA or Calvin to fix CO2

A

Either, they do not flip flop

50
Q

Calvin cycle produces _____, which can go into:

A

Fructose-6-PO4—> glycolysis—>pyruvate—>TCA cycle

Fructose-6-PO4—>glucose-6-PO4—>PPP—>NADPH

51
Q

Reverse TCA cycle produces _____, which can go into:

A

Pyruvate—> TCA cycle

Pyruvate—>reverse glycolysis—>glucose-6-PO4—>PPP—>NADPH

52
Q

Chemolithotrophy components

A

Glycolysis, TCA, PPP, ETC, and Calvin or reverse TCA to fix CO2

53
Q

In aerobic chemolithotrophy what is the TEA?

A

O2

54
Q

In anaerobic chemolithotrophy what is the TEA?

A

Something other than O2

55
Q

What is the enzyme responsible for incorporation of CO2 into the Calvin cycle?

A

RubisCO

56
Q

Calvin cycle input needs

A

6CO2
12 ATP
12 NAD(P)H
6ATP

57
Q

Calvin cycle product

A

Fructose-6-phosphate

58
Q

In oxygen if photosynthesis what is each photo system?

A

An electron transport chain

59
Q

What is the electron donor in oxygenic photosynthesis?

A

H2O

60
Q

What role does light play in photosynthesis?

A

Stimulator, does not provide energy; it drives energy production

61
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis has what that makes it have a stronger gradient?

A

Photo system I is a second pathway that makes NAD(P)H; producing twice as strong of a gradient

62
Q

Where are the photosystems located?

A

Cell membrane because goal is to build H+ gradient

63
Q

There are more gram ___ that use photosynthesis, why?

A

Negative because cell wall doesn’t retard light as much as a gram positive cell wall would

64
Q

Anoxygenic photosynthesis uses what as an electron donor and where is it donated to?

A

Something other than H2O eg. H2S, Fe2+ and to a cytochrome

65
Q

Anoxygenic photosynthesis uses what to drive the reverse e flow to make ____?

A

ATP, NADPH

66
Q

In anoxygenic potosynthesis, NAD(P)H is:

A

Made but is not the TEA

67
Q

What organisms use photosynthesis for metabolism?

A

Chemolithoautotrophs: use inorganic e donor (H2O) and CO2 as C source

68
Q

How do orgs that use photosynthesis fix CO2?

A

Reverse TCA

Calvin cycle

69
Q

What are the 2 types of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygenic: produces O2; uses H2O as donor
Anoxygenic: O2 not produced; H2O not e donor but stil inorganic donor (can only be bacteria and archea)

70
Q

What pathways do all of the metabolisms include?

A

Glycolysis, PPP, TCA and all but fermentation have an electron transport chain

Microbiology (22 decks)

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