Lecture 2 Flashcards
Genes can be dominant or recessive. Dominant alleles are expressed, recessive
alleles are not expressed
Gregor Mendel and dominant-recessive genes
deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
linear portion of DNA that codes for a protein.
Gene
long strand of DNA made up of many genes
Chromosome
an alternative form of a gene
alleles
produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and
contain half as much DNA
meiosis
produces two genetically identical daughter cells from single parent
cell
mitosis
the total amount of genetic material found in a distinct group
that interbreeds
gene pool
when an individual from a different population enters a group
and breeds
gene flow
Variation:during meiosis, mixing up of genes
and recombination/crossing over = genetic material swapped between
DNA on chromosomes - new genetic combinations occur and offspring with
a combination of traits that can be different from those found in either
parent
Genetic mixing and recombination
Variation:addition/deletion of DNA segments, hemophilia, sickle-cell disease
Errors can occur when DNA is replicated
Variation: UV skin cancer, arsenic, formaldehyde in cigarette smoke
Induced by mutagens
individual’s genetic makeup
Genotype
outward, physical appearance - based on expression of genes and how genes interact with environment
Phenotype
mating of unrelated, yet similar animals - increases
heterozygosity
Outbreeding
mating of two closely related animals - increases homozygosity
Inbreeding
a course of behavior that has successfully resulted in an animal
finding optimal solutions regarding the necessities of life
Strategy
when an animal is most efficient in all their behaviors
such as foraging, anti-predator, mating behavior, etc.
Optimality theory
a strategy so efficient and successful that it would not be replaced by
another strategy UNLESS conditions changed in an animal’s environment
Evolutionary Stable Strategy
one composed of several pure strategy
component - has an alternative strategy depends on things it interacts with
Mixed Evolutionary Stable Strategy
when several different genes may influence a certain behavior
or trait.
Polygeny
a single gene regulates many different structures and behaviors.
Pleiotropy
a selection whereby those traits related to reproductive success are emphasized and in turn, selected for and then passed onto the next generation
Sexual selection
how many biological offspring an individual has
Direct Fitness
how many biological offspring your (blood- genetic) relatives have
Indirect Fitness
refers to the biological and genetic factors that influence
an individual’s traits
Nature
refers to the environmental factors, that shape their development
Nurture
females defeminized, reaches sexual maturity later,
fewer offspring than 0M female
Intrauterine Effects - 2M Females
more aggressive in securing mates than 1M or 0M. Had more
offspring
Intrauterine Effects - 2M Males
females are nurturing and have hormone release and genes for nurturing behavior
FosB Gene
Interaction of genes, experience and the environment (peripheral to genetics)
Epigenetics defined
