Lecture 12 Flashcards
Coho and Chinook Salmon - Coho are more dominant salmon species, and they force the Chinook salmon out of prime water habitats into less desirable ones. Where there are no Coho, Chinook salmon take over the prime habitat.
Animal example of realized niche
Niche that is less desirable, but due to competition has been forced into occupying
Realized niche
Arctic ground squirrels do this behavior through the long winder and body temperature is 3 degrees below freezing, but brain is slightly warmer (shiver to wake up)
Animal example of hibernation
Extended and protracted torpor caused by reduced daylight length and hormonal changes (body temps plunge lower than in torpor)
Hibernation
Hummingbirds go into this each night so they consume 50% fewer calories, takes a bird 20 minutes to wake up, increase heart, breathing
Animal example of torpor
Short term reduction of internal body temperature during cool days/nights, can be caused by low food availability, cool ambient temperatures
Torpor
If removed, has a dramatic effect on the population of other animal species that interface both directly and indirectly with this species - biotic regulators
Keystone species
Living - parasitic infections, prey populations, predator populations, pheromones, aggression, stress hormones, dominance hierarchies
Biotic population regulators
Not living, real regulators, can be fatal for animals - cyclones, fire, volcanic eruptions
Abiotic population regulators
Lampreys orient themselves by turning more vigorously when they find themselves in intense light, as they try and find a fish to latch onto
Animal example of klinokinesis
A change in an organism’s turning rate in reaction to the intensity of a stimulus
Klinokinesis
Pill bugs slow down when they find themselves in a dark humid habitat
Animal example of orthokinesis
An organism changes its speed in relation to the intensity of a stimulus
Orthokinesis
Movement away from a stimulus
Negative taxis
Movement toward a stimulus
Positive taxis
Home loving, to stay in one’s natal area, where you were born
Natal philopatry
Males stay in natal area
Male philopatry
Home loving, females stay in natal area
Female philopatry
- Optimal breeding (outbreeding) and avoid inbreeding
- Search for a better environment - deteriorating environment, or overpopulated environments
Reasons for emigrating
An animal departs out from an area to a new area, without returning, a one-way journey.
Emigration
Olfactory - migrate by olfactory maps, and once they mature in the ocean , they sniff out their natal stream to breed.
Steelhead trout navigation capabilities
Visual - migrate at night and use celestial sky as compass.
May learn star patterns, but have clear predisposition to learn north-south orientation. Migrate at night because winds are not as strong, and may use Big Dipper, which the lip points to the North Star.
Warbler navigation capabilities
Visual - sun as compass, pigeon can adjust for its movement
Magnetic - have magnetic granules in midline of brain
Olfactory - have olfactory map, certain odors come from winds from a distinct direction
Pigeon navigation capabilities
When an animal uses distinct cues to determine its position as it attempts to reach a goal
Navigation
Cuckoo bird migrated 7,500 miles from Zambia to its breeding grounds in Mongolia
Animal example of migration
A seasonal movement from one type of habitat to another (round trip)
Migration
Animal example of realized niche
Coho and Chinook Salmon - Coho are more dominant salmon species, and they force the Chinook salmon out of prime water habitats into less desirable ones. Where there are no Coho, Chinook salmon take over the prime habitat.
Realized niche
Niche that is less desirable, but due to competition has been forced into occupying
Animal example of hibernation
Arctic ground squirrels do this behavior through the long winder and body temperature is 3 degrees below freezing, but brain is slightly warmer (shiver to wake up)
Hibernation
Extended and protracted torpor caused by reduced daylight length and hormonal changes (body temps plunge lower than in torpor)
Animal example of torpor
Hummingbirds go into this each night so they consume 50% fewer calories, takes a bird 20 minutes to wake up, increase heart, breathing
Torpor
Short term reduction of internal body temperature during cool days/nights, can be caused by low food availability, cool ambient temperatures
Keystone species
If removed, has a dramatic effect on the population of other animal species that interface both directly and indirectly with this species - biotic regulators
Biotic population regulators
Living - parasitic infections, prey populations, predator populations, pheromones, aggression, stress hormones, dominance hierarchies
Abiotic population regulators
Not living, real regulators, can be fatal for animals - cyclones, fire, volcanic eruptions
Animal example of klinokinesis
Lampreys orient themselves by turning more vigorously when they find themselves in intense light, as they try and find a fish to latch onto
Klinokinesis
A change in an organism’s turning rate in reaction to the intensity of a stimulus
Animal example of orthokinesis
Pill bugs slow down when they find themselves in a dark humid habitat
Orthokinesis
An organism changes its speed in relation to the intensity of a stimulus
Negative taxis
Movement away from a stimulus
Positive taxis
Movement toward a stimulus
Natal philopatry
Home loving, to stay in one’s natal area, where you were born
Male philopatry
Males stay in natal area
Female philopatry
Home loving, females stay in natal area
Reasons for emigrating
- Optimal breeding (outbreeding) and avoid inbreeding
- Search for a better environment - deteriorating environment, or overpopulated environments
Emigration
An animal departs out from an area to a new area, without returning, a one-way journey.
Steelhead trout navigation capabilities
Olfactory - migrate by olfactory maps, and once they mature in the ocean , they sniff out their natal stream to breed.
Warbler navigation capabilities
Visual - migrate at night and use celestial sky as compass.
May learn star patterns, but have clear predisposition to learn north-south orientation. Migrate at night because winds are not as strong, and may use Big Dipper, which the lip points to the North Star.
Pigeon navigation capabilities
Visual - sun as compass, pigeon can adjust for its movement
Magnetic - have magnetic granules in midline of brain
Olfactory - have olfactory map, certain odors come from winds from a distinct direction
Navigation
When an animal uses distinct cues to determine its position as it attempts to reach a goal
Animal example of migration
Cuckoo bird migrated 7,500 miles from Zambia to its breeding grounds in Mongolia
Migration
A seasonal movement from one type of habitat to another (round trip)
