Lecture 13

Question 1

A helpful behavior that increases the direct fitness of the receiver, but lowers the giver’s direct fitness.

Answer 1

Altruism

Question 2

C < (r)B

Answer 2

Hamilton’s rule - altruism equation

Question 3

Parents can only give half of its genes to a child = 50% or .5
Degree of relatedness, r=.5
Parent to grandchild = .25
Share .5 with your full sib

Answer 3

Degree of relatedness

Question 4

Female ground squirrels give alarm calls more often because they are surrounded by kin. Altruistic because it draws predator to them.

Answer 4

Animal example of altruism

Question 5

When receiver of altruistic act then turns around and becomes the giver to the animal it received from. A helps B, then B helps A

Answer 5

Direct reciprocity

Question 6

Vampire bats - regurgitate blood meals to other bats who are unable to feed, and in return expect to receive the same assistance when they need it

Answer 6

Animal example of direct reciprocity

Question 7

When the giver of an act, gets help from a different individual other than the receiver of the act, A helps B, then C helps A

Answer 7

Indirect reciprocity

Question 8

Strategy whereby an organism will help relatives survive and breed - sometimes at their own personal detriment.

Answer 8

Kin selection

Question 8

Help kin over nankin, and help close kin over distant kin.

Answer 8

Two tenets of kin selection

Question 9

Direct fitness and indirect fitness

Answer 9

Inclusive fitness

Question 10

Have your own offspring

Answer 10

Direct fitness

Question 11

Help offspring of blood relatives

Answer 11

Indirect fitness

Question 12

When a behavior that may have had another purpose becomes more exaggerated, more stereotyped, and serves as an attention getting behavior

Answer 12

Ritualization

Question 13

the interaction between animals of the same or different species where they strive to acquire the same limited resource, like food, water, territory, or mates, which can lead to a struggle or conflict between them as they compete for that resource

Answer 13

Competition

Question 14

An area defended by an individual animal or social group of animals, from other conspecifics

Answer 14

Territorial behavior

Question 15

1. Physical fighting - common chimp
2. Scent marking - olfactory, lemurs
3. Auditory - singing warblers, howling wolves
4. Visual - birds with visual bases, European wildcats sign-posts

Answer 15

Territorial behavior examples (need 2)

Question 16

A social hierarchy that forms when animals interact.

Answer 16

Dominance hierarchy

Question 17

Linear rank: male baboons, male common chimps
High or low rank: female baboons, female common chimps

Answer 17

2 types of dominance hierarchies

Question 18

Rank can be based on body size/strength (red deer), who your parents are (female baboon), age (elephants), hormone levels (chickens

Answer 18

Types of dominance hierarchies and animal examples (need to know 2)

Question 19

male in the middle who is hotshot, other males make him look good bc they are not as good in song and dance, so a helps b look good, when that one gets old and goes away, a moves in to be hotshot, and then c comes in to make him look good - inferior male makes look good

Answer 19

Animal example of indirect reciprocity

Question 20

Animals that are competing for dominance rank - all acts of aggression are adaptive
can have payoff for winner, give submissive signal when one loses - if aggression
continues, aggressive posture, and submissive posture to show that it is over - otherwise
would continue and lead to death.

Answer 20

Role of submissive signals

Question 21

Animal wakes up and has repertoir of behavior it can follow through - can act like
hawk, or could act like a dove. Waking up and being surrounded by hawks, not a
good day to act like a hawk, so act like a dove. Doesn’t mean you act like a dove
every day. If you wake up and are surrounded by doves, act like a dove because
you can take advantage of them. Decide what to do based on whether rivals are
present or not.

Answer 21

Hawk and dove game theory

Question 22

1) the value of the resource (V), (2) the cost of fighting (C), and (3) the probability of encountering a Hawk or a Dove

Answer 22

Three conditions for hawk and dove game theory

Question 23

Energetic taxing to go in for lethal attack - could lose, get injured, costs much in
time and energy.
If you contested all rivals - what if a rival wasn’t worth fighting, was of such low rank
that it’s not worth the time and energy - don’t get much benefit.
Could be distant
relative - don’t want to kill genes. Have to wait - act like hawk and dove - wait to gain advantage - be strategic.

Answer 23

Three reasons why animals don’t always set out to kill a rival

Question 24

Polyandrous animals - females are big movers are shakaers - shore bird,
jacana bird, she has more muscle, beats up other females, and steals other males
wants more than one mate
Spotted hyena - females have heightened level of testosterone in order for them
to be fertile, they need to have feeding priority - evolved aggressive females, if they
didn’t have feeding priority, there would be no offspring

Answer 24

Examples of heightened female aggression