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Life Science 142 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is taxonomy

A
  • Is the study of Identifying, naming and classification of organisms
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2
Q

Explain the history of naming

A
  • Greeks (Aristotle) and Romans started system of naming
  • In the Middle ages - Organisms were described using long Latin descriptions
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3
Q

Explain John Ray

A
  • Suggested that each organism should have a set name.
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4
Q

Explain the Binomial System

A
  • Expeditions greatly expanded number of known taxa during 1800’s
  • Carolus Linnaeus (1701-1778) developed the Binomial system
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5
Q

Explain the parts of the binomail system fully

A
  • 1st part is the genus: it includes closely related species in the same genus
  • 2nd part is specific epithet; descriptive
    Scientific name: genus + specific epithet

(eg. Microacontias lineatus and Protea cynaroides )

Both names must be italicized or underlined;
first letter of genus Capitalized

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6
Q

Explain the genus epithet and species in binomial system

A
  1. Genus epithet

-Always a capital letter
-Includes groups of organisms with similar structure

  1. Species
  • Always lower case letters
  • Organisms possessing unique characters not found in other members
  • Describes the organism
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7
Q

What is a species

A
  • A species can interbreed and share the same gene pool
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8
Q

Explain Linnaeus recognizing a unique and distinct characteristics of each species

A
  • Taxa exhibit variation among themselves
  • Males vs females differ; likewise juveniles vs adults (sexual dimorphism and ontogeny)
  • Problem distinguishing species on the basis of reproductive isolation. If they breed, a hybrid would form.
  • Some species do not reproduce sexually
  • Some species hybridize
  • Reproductive isolation can be difficult to observe
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9
Q

Explain subspecies fully

A
  • Where species have a wide geographic range, variant types may tend to interbreed where their boundaries overlap

eg ) The burrowing skinks Acontias meleagris meleagris, A. m. orientalis are subspecies of Acontias meleagris

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10
Q

What is the classification approach based on

A

The relationship to other species

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11
Q

What do species with the same genus have

A
  • Share a more recent common ancestor than other taxa
  • Common ancestor is held by at least 2 lines of descent
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12
Q

Explain species and taxon

A
  • Species: taxonomic category below rank of genus
  • Taxon: group of organisms in classification category
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13
Q

Explain the classification categories fully

A
  1. Aristotle classified life into 14 groups (eg. Mammals, birds, etc.) and then subdivided them by size.
  2. Linnaeus grouped plants by flower parts; his categories were published in Systema Naturae.
  • Previously, we used a minimum of 7 categories of classification
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14
Q

What is the order of classification

A

Species, genus, family, order, class, phylum (or division in plants), and kingdom

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15
Q

Explain the Domain fully

A
  • Added to the 7 categories of classification
  • More inclusive
  • Members of the kingdom share general characters, members of the species share unique characters specific to that group
  • Additional levels of classification can be added by adding super-, sub-, or infra (eg., suborder)
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16
Q

What are fossils

A

Living specimens, by observing the structures and functions

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17
Q

Explain relative and absolute fossil dating

A
  1. Relative dating = to determine afossilsapproximate age by comparing it to similar rocks andfossilsof known ages.
  2. Absolute dating = to determine a precise age of afossilby using radiometric dating to measure the decay of isotopes, either within thefossilor more often the rocks associated with it
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18
Q

Explain fossils fully

A
  • Remains of organisms and tell story of the past either through imprints, impressions of soft tissue or hard elements and can be dated
  • Mostly found in sedimentary
    [L.sedimentum, a settling] rock. Sediments form layers = strata (stratum) of different age structure
  • Fossils are deposited in strata
  • Fossil record often incomplete because soft bodied organisms do not fossilize well and decay
  • When complete enough, a lineage can be traced through time
19
Q

What is systematics’s 3 branches

A
  1. Phenetic systematics = number of similarities
  2. Traditional systematics = Common ancestor and structural differences
  3. Cladistics = derived characters for classification
20
Q

What is systematics

A

Study of the diversity of organisms using data from cellular to population levels

21
Q

Explain phenetic systematics fully

A
  • Species classified according to number of similarities to produce a phenogram-Not based on phylogeny
    -Results in a phenogram
22
Q

Explain traditional systematics fully

A
  • Anatomical data, construct phylogenetic tree using evolutionary principles
  • Look at common ancestor and degree of structural difference
23
Q

Explain cladistics fully

A
  • Analyses primitive and derived characters
  • Uses shared derived characters to classify organisms and arrange taxa in a phylogenetic tree or cladogram
24
Q

What is phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms

25
Q

What is classification

A

Reflects phylogeny; one goal of systematics is to create phylogenetic trees

26
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree

A

Indicates common ancestors and lines of descent

27
Q

What is primitive character

A

A trait that is present in a common ancestor and all members of the group

28
Q

What is derived character

A
  • Present only in a specific line of descent
  • Different lineages diverging from a common ancestor may have different derived characters
29
Q

What is an outgroup

A
  • Defines primitive characters of study group
  • Also tells you which traits are shared/derived traits – synapomorphies
30
Q

What is study / in group

A

Taxa grouped into clades in a cladogram

31
Q

What is primitive characters

A

Structures present in outgroup and study group

32
Q

What is clade

A

Evolutionary branch of cladogram – common ancestor and descendents

33
Q

What is monophyletic taxon

A

Single common ancestor and its descendents

34
Q

What is parsimony

A

Uses minimum number of assumptions to produce simplest tree

35
Q

What is an ancestral / primitive trait

A

Any trait in both outgroup and ingroup

36
Q

Explain Kingdom naming

A
  • Early biologists recognized two kingdoms: animals (kingdom Animalia) and plants (kingdom Plantae)
  • The microscope revealed unicellular organisms; in the 1880’s, Ernst Haeckel proposed the kingdom Protista
  • Haeckel originally placed bacteria and cyanobacteria in Monera since they lacked a nucleus
37
Q

What was RH Whittaker’s 5-Kingdom system based on

A
  • Cell type (pro- or eukaryote)
  • Organization (uni- or multicellular)
  • Motility
  • Mode of nutrition
  • Mode of reproduction
38
Q

What are the parts of Whittaker’s 5-Kingdom System

A
  • Monera
  • Protista
  • Plantae
  • Animalia
  • Fungi
39
Q

Explain Monera

A

Prokaryotic bacteria that obtain organic molecules by absorption or photosynthesis

40
Q

Explain Protista

A

Mainly unicellular eukaryotes that obtain organic molecules by absorption, ingestion, or photosynthesis

41
Q

Explain Plantae

A

Multicellular eukaryotes, autotrophic (photosynthesis)

42
Q

Explain Animalia

A

Multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophic by ingestion, are generally motile

43
Q

Explain Fungi

A

Multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophic saprotrophs; form spores, lack flagella and cell walls containing chitin

44
Q

Explain the three-domain system

A
  • Recent research suggests one group of prokaryotes is so distantly related it should be in separate domain
  • Sequencing of rRNA suggests all organisms evolved along three distinct lineages: Domains - Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
  • Bacteria diverged first
  • The Archaea cell wall is diverse but not the same as the Bacteria cell wall; both are prokaryotes
  • Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related than either is to Bacteria
  • The Archaea mostly live in extreme environments; methanogens in anaerobic swamps, halophiles in salt lakes and thermoacidophiles in hot acidic environments

Life Science 142 (24 decks)

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