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Life Science 142 > Lecture 13 - Agnatha > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Agnatha Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain Deuterostome coelomates

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Three germ layers
  • Organ level organization
  • Tube-within-tube body plan
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2
Q

Explain Phylum: Echinodermata

A
  • All marine.
  • Share an evolutionary branch with chordates
  • Include some of the most colorful and amazing sea animals
  • Radial symmetry as adults, but the larvae are bilateral symmetrical and free swimming.
  • Symmetry is penta-radiate; Internal Ca-rich plates-endoskeleton
  • Spiny skin which is connected to internal skeletal plates
  • Breathe through skin gills-extensions of the coelom-for respiration and waste removal
  • Possess a water vascular system
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3
Q

What does the water vascular system of Phylum: Echinodermata

A

Assists with circulation, respiration, excretion and movement.

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4
Q

How do Phylum: Echinodermata share an evolutionary branch with chordates

A

Because of bilateral symmetry and deuterostome coelom

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5
Q

Explain Class: Crinoidea

A
  • Oldest class
  • Includes featherstars & sea lilies
  • Feathery arms are used in filter feeding
  • Free swimming, and move by tube feet
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6
Q

Explain Class: Ophiuroidea

A
  • AKA brittle stars
  • Have flat circular bodies with 5 arms
  • Arms have small plates & projections
  • Browse on ocean floor or filter feed
  • At the base of each arm there is one larger scale (= radial shield)

eg) 1. Amphiura capensis (equal-tailed brittlestar)

  1. Ophioderma wahlbergi (serpent-skinned brittlestar)
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7
Q

Explain Class: Holothuroidea

A
  • Common name is Sea cucumbers
  • Resemble cucumbers with tentacles at oral end
  • Body consists of an elongated tube form which is divided into 5 parts.
  • No arms, spines absent.
  • Browse on ocean bottom

Example: Roweia frauenfeldii (horseshoe sea cucumber)

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8
Q

Explain Class: Echinoidea

A
  • Commonly known as Sea urchins
  • They have spiny calcareous bodies
  • Spines are for locomotion, burrowing & defence
  • Globular (urchins) or disc-shaped (sand dollars)
  • Penta-radiate symmetry
  • They possess tube feet.
  • Many feed on sea weeds
  • Parechinus angulosus (Cape urchin), Echinodiscus bisperforatus (Pansy shell)
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9
Q

Explain Class: Asteroidea

A
  • Commonly known as sea stars, they are predators
  • Body consist of five arms.
  • Body = covered with spines for protection
  • Pedicellaria
  • Skin gills are small projections near the base of the spines
  • Ventral tube feet aid in locomotion and feeding
  • Well-developed coelom in arms
  • Sexes separate ( Sexual and asexual reproduction )
  • Water vascular system – locomotion, excretion, respiration and circulation
    - Composed of canals connecting numerous tube feet.
  • Predators on Bivalves, and other echinoderms

Examples: Marthasterias glacialis, Patiriella exigua (dwarf cushion star), Henricia ornata, Patiria granifera (red starfish)

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10
Q

Explain Pedicellaria of Class: Asteroidea

A

Defensive organ that looks like a tiny pincer, present to keep the body free from organisms settling on it.

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11
Q

What are the subphylum of Phylum: Chordata

A
  • Subphylum: Urochordata
  • Subphylum: Cephalochordata
  • Subphylum: Vertebrata
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12
Q

Explain Phylum: Chordata characteristics

A
  • Presence of a notochord
  • Presence of dorsal tubular nerve chord
  • Pharyngeal pouches
  • Post-anal tail whether in adult or embryo is present in chordates
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13
Q

Explain the Presence of a notochord

A
  • Below the nerve cord
  • In vertebrates the embryonic notochord is replaced by the vertebral column.
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14
Q

Explain the Presence of dorsal tubular nerve chord

A
  • In vertebrates the nerve cord is the spinal cord
  • In vertebrates it is protected by the vertebral column
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15
Q

Explain the Pharyngeal pouches

A
  • Present during the life history. In the invertebrate chordates, fish and amphibian larvae, the pouches become gills
  • In Vertebrates they become modified.
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16
Q

Explain Subphylum: Cephalochordata

A
  • They are known as lancelets (means surgical knives)
  • The notochord stretches from head to tail (cephalochordate)
  • All 4 chordate characteristics retained as adults
  • Segmentation visible. The muscles are segmentally arranged
  • They are all marine and live in sand and muddy coastal waters, filter feeders

Example: Branchiostoma (= Amphioxus)

17
Q

Explain Subphylum: Urochordata

A
  • Known as tunicates- They include sea squirts, red bait
  • Larvae exhibit all 4 chordate characteristics
  • Bilateral symmetrical larvae
  • Adults retain gill slits
  • Sea squirts and red bait are marine species
  • The body is protected by a thick-walled tunic
  • They are sessile
  • They use an excurrent siphon to siphon water and squirt water

Examples: Pyura stolonifera (red bait), Ciona intestinalis

18
Q

Explain Subphylum: Vertebrata

A
  • Animals with a living endoskeleton with vertebral column
  • They have a closed circulatory system-a heart and vascular system
  • Paired appendages
  • Efficient respiratory & excretory systems
  • High degree cephalisation
  • Segmentation present – presence of a vertebral column
  • Complex brain; nervous system well developed
19
Q

Explain vertebrata in more detail

A
  • Digestive system complete and well developed.
  • Kidneys –assists with water retention and excretion
  • Sexes separate and sexual reproduction takes place
  • Amnion(membranous sac which surrounds and protects the embryo) present to enable development on land
  • Some lay eggs; others have placenta
20
Q

What are the super classes of Subphylum: Vertebrata

A
  • Super class: Agnatha
    (Those jawless “monsters”)
  • Super class Gnathostomata
    (animals with jaws)
21
Q

What are the classes of Super class: Agnatha

A
  • Class: Ostracodermi
  • Class: Cephalaspidomorphi
  • Class: Myxinii
22
Q

Explain Superclass: Agnatha

A
  • Jaws were absent)
  • Have slender eel-like bodies
  • Have a fibrous or cartilaginous skeleton
  • Possess seven or more pairs of external gills
  • Notochord present throughout adult life
  • Scales and paired appendages (fins) absent-
  • Have smooth bodies
  • Early species had heavy bony scales and plates in their skin, not present in living species.
  • In most cases skeleton is cartilaginous.
    embryonic notochord persists in the adult.
  • 7 or more paired gill pouches are present.
23
Q

Explain Class: Ostracodermi

A
  • Extinct taxon of Cambrium to Devonian periods
  • They were jawless, finless, FILTER FEEDERS.
  • Bony skeletal elements were present in some forms
  • They had large defensive head shields
24
Q

Explain Class: Cephalaspidomorphi

A
  • AKA fish with head shield present [Gk. Cephalo, head, spido, shield, morph, form]
  • Known as lampreys
  • Circular mouth with teeth on an oral disc.
  • They have no jaws, many teeth enclosed in a sucker-like mouth.
  • They are capable of latching on and boring into the sides of their hosts to hitch a ride and grab a free meal.
  • Oviparous-produce young by laying eggs; larva (is called ammocoetes live on detritus and microorganisms)
  • Seven pairs gills, pineal eye(a light receptor), two pairs semicircular canals in the inner ear.

Examples: Petromyzon (marine), Lampreta (freshwater)

25
Q

Explain Class: Myxinii

A
  • Hagfish are the only animals with a cranium but no spinal column.
  • Have a cartilaginous notochord—a skeletal rod that most vertebrates lose in utero—that gives them amazing flexibility
  • Marine burrowers, with 5-7 pairs of gills, and NO EYES
  • Teeth on tongue; tentacles around mouth
  • They have many slime glands
  • Heart: “4-hearts
  • Hermaphroditic; no larvae
  • They live in dead bodies.

Example: Myxine

Life Science 142 (24 decks)

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