lecture 2 Flashcards
examples of DI
eurozone
schengen zone
what drives demands for DI
heterogeneity in preferences, dependence and capacity
what factors influence the realisation of DI
1) size of integrationist group needs to be large enough to provide
excludable goods and achieve economies of scale.
2) DI works best if externalities
between differentially integrated groups are weak.
3) Bargaining power results from
asymmetrical interdependence .
differentiation
if the legal boundaries of EU rules are not congruent with the boundaries of membership
Results from inteergovernmental negotiations on EU treaties and legal acts if member states either refuse to participate in integrated policies or accepted integrated rules, or if they are excluded from participation
→ heterogeneity can also result in stagnation or disintegration
effects of integration
issue linkages and package deals facilitate cooperation
reduces barriers and harmonises policies
states are heterogenic in:
preferences
dependence
capacity (disparities in political, financial, technological capabilities for cooperation)
DI due to preference heterogeneity
divergence of interests in market-making
and market-correcting policies
DI due to dependence heterogeneity
member states may have varying degrees of reliance on EU policies and institutions depending on their specific circumstances and interests.
E.g. countries heavily dependent on EU structural funds may feel compelled to align closely with EU policies related to economic development and cohesion.
why is there increased demand for DI
Heterogeneity in EU member states has grown due to enlargement and crises
DI
based on liberal intergovernmentalism
bargains among preference-seeking heads of state and government
that lead to treaties and legal acts with opt-outs and exemptions
institutional
design or instrument to overcome negotiation deadlock caused by increasing
heterogeneity of the member states.
Heterogeneity can refer to
preferences,
interdependence or capacity.
Integrationist member states are the more likely to agree to DI
Integrationist member states are more likely to agree to differentiated integration because it aligns with their goals of deeper cooperation and accessing exclusive benefits, thereby enhancing centripetal forces and maintaining the integrity of their integration efforts.
DI due to capacity/bargaining power
one group with strong
bargaining power refuses to integrate, such as Eurosceptic and wealthy member states in the north-west of
Europe (UK, Denmark and Sweden but also Norway and Switzerland). In the heterogeneity-of-capacity
scenario, One group with weak bargaining power is excluded, such as Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania from
Eurozone and Schengen area.
supranational bargaining theory
- scarcity/asymmetry of info leaves states less informed than EC
- national govs cant do optimal policy entrepreneurship
- agreements are biased toward supranational actors
intergovernmental bargaining theory
- low cost means info is evenly distributed among member states
- national govs initiate, mediate, mobilise domestic coalitions
- agreements are efficient without external help
