lecture 1 Flashcards
Five most salient negotiations in EU
Treaty of Rome 1957
Customs union and common agricultural policy 1960s
European monetary system in 1978-9
Single european act 1985-6
Maastricht treaty 1991
When these interests align, integration advances:
Patterns of commercial advantage NB;
Particularly of powerful economic producers and the macro economic preferences of ruling govs/
Relative bargaining power of important governments/
Incentives to enhance the credibility of interstate commitments
EU member states years of entry
Founders: Ger, Fra, Ita, Benelux countries
1973: UK, Denm, Ire
1981: Greece
1986: Spa, Port
1995: Aus, Fin, Swe
2005: 10 new Eastern
2007: Bulg, Rom
2013: Croatia
2019: Brexit
major policy competencies of EU
Exclusive: regulation of CM, competition policy, monetary policy of EZ, customs union
Shared with member states: health and safety at work, non-discrimination, environment
CO-Ordinated: foreign/defence policy, health, education
Little competencies: taxation and public spending
separation of power in the EU
Executive: European commission with 27 comms and president
Legislature: council rep by gov officials, eu parliament by political parties
Judiciary: court of justice with 27 judges + 11 advocate generals
Other: Central Bank, court of auditors
Three dimensions of EU integration
- integration increases membership size e.g. from 6 to 28 (WIDENING)
- integration transfers further policy competence (sovereignty) from the national to EU level (DEEPENING)
- integration establishes separation of powers between executive, legislative and judiciary (SEPARATION OF POWERS)
Three dimensions of EU disintegration
- reduces membership size (Brexit)
- preserves national sovereignty against EU level
- calls into question the separation of power
Grand theories before Maastricht
Neofunctionalism
Liberal intergovernmentalism
(before EU)
–> member state gov or supranational institutions are key
Grand theories after Maastricht
Postfunctionalism
differentiated integration
(after EU)
–> political parties or member state gov are key
stages of negotiation
- national preference formation (economic or geopolitical)
- interstate bargaining (asymmetrical interdependence or supranational entrepreneurship)
- institutional choice ( federalist ideology or centralised technocratic management or more credible commitments)
all leads to –> choice to delegate or pool decision making in international institutions
geopolitical ideas and interests (security externalities)
positions vary depending on major geopolitical events
economic interests (endogenous policy theory)
positions vary by country and issue
e.g. in agriculture positions vary by producer concerns
in monetary policy, positions vary by country, with countries favouring cooperation when consistent with domestic inflation rates
i.e. preferences follow the resolution of major economic problems
author of a grand theory before maastricht
Andrew Moravcsik ‘a choice for europe’ 1997
Why do governments delegate and pool sovereignty in international institutions?
Commitment to EU federalism
More efficient at processing info
Making their commitments appear credible to fellow members of the union or lock in future decisions about domestic opposition
Preferences
reflect the objectives of those domestic groups which influence the state apparatus, they are assumed to be stable within each position advanced on each issue by each country in each negotiation, but not necessarily across negotiations/issues/countries
