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Cognitive psychology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Within subjects

A

E.g., All participants in the experiment receive 6 levels of making noise.

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2
Q

Between subjects

A

E.g., multiple samples tested - 3 treatment types for anxiety: none, antidepressants, cognitive therapy.

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3
Q

Randomisation

A

Assigning participants to a sample is not determined by a third variable; all members of the population of interest have an equal chance to be selected in the sample.

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4
Q

Internal validity

A

The experiment should be designed and carried out in such a way that inferences about causal relationships between X and Y are accurate.

  • Related to factors within the experiment.
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5
Q

External validity

A

The causal relationship between X and Y should be constant across samples, cultures, etc.

  • Related to generalisability of results.
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6
Q

Validity

A

Measuring what you wish to measure.

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7
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency of measure

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8
Q

Quantitative measures

A

Represent values or counts expressed as numbers.

  • Systematic scientific investigations in order to quantify phenomenon.
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9
Q

Qualitative measures

A

Represent assigned names, labels or values.

  • Detailed insights into individual experiences, understanding, motivation, thoughts, feelings, etc.
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10
Q

Grey matter

A

Contains the cell bodies, dendrites and the axon terminals - where all the synapses are.

  • 40% of the brain.
  • Contains most of the brains neuronal cell bodies.
  • Fully develops once a person reaches their 20s.
  • Conducts, processes, and sends information to various parts of the body.
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11
Q

White matter

A

Is made up of axons, which connect different parts of grey matter to each other.

  • Makes up 60% of the brain.
  • Made up of bundles which connect various grey matter areas.
  • Develops throughout the 20s and peaks in middle age.
  • Interprets sensory information from various parts of the body.
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12
Q

The neuron - what it contains (6)

A
  1. Dendrite
  2. Nucleus
  3. Soma (cell body)
  4. Myelin sheath
  5. Axon terminal
  6. Axon
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13
Q

Dendrite and Axon facts (2)

A

Dendrites receive signals, axons transmit them
Most neurons have a lot of dendrites and only have on axon.

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14
Q

The 4 lobes + location

A
  1. Frontal (top, left)
  2. Parietal (top, right)
  3. Temporal (bottom, left)
  4. Occipital (bottom, right).
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15
Q

Gyri and Sulci

A

Gyri: a ridge on the surface of the brain.
Sulci: fissures surrounding the gyri.
Sulcus are the valleys, gyrus are the hills.

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16
Q

Paul Broca

A

Patient with specific damage in left frontal lobe lost the ability to produce spoken language, but understanding of speech was intact.

  • Broca’s area.
17
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

Patient with specific damage in upper-left temporal lobe had impaired understanding of language but had no problem with speech formation.

  • Wernicke’s area.
18
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Quiet, conscientious, well mannered prior to the accident (frontal lobe damage with a pole going through his head) v. irresponsible, indecisive, irritable, use of profane language after the accident.

19
Q

Split brain patients

A

Corpus callosum (thick band of nerve fibres that allow hemispheres to communicate) severed.

20
Q

Computerised axial Tomography (CT scan)

A

Multiple X-rays combined into the single image.

21
Q

Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)

A

Powerful magnet causes charged molecules to re-align to produce field distortions that can be measured.

22
Q

Single-cell recordings

A

Activity (action potential or ‘firing’) of a neuron measured by an electrode.

  • High temporal resolution, precise localisation.
23
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Electrodes on the scalp can detect electrical activity.

  • Voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic (sodium) currents.
24
Q

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

Measures magnetic fields produced by electrical brain activity (e.g., the flow of electrically charged ions through neurons).

  • High temporal resolution, good localisation.
25
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

fMRI detects changes in blood flow, because activated brain regions need energy which is supplied by blood.

  • Relatively poor temporal resolution, good localisation.
26
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Measures blood flow in the brain via radioactive markers.

  • Relatively poor temporal resolution.
27
Q

Measuring brain structure methods (7)

A
  1. CT scan
  2. MRI
  3. fMRI
  4. Single-cell recordings
  5. EEG
  6. MEG
  7. PET
28
Q

Altering brain activity methods (2)

A
  1. TMS
  2. tCDS
29
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Uses magnetic fields to stimulate or inhibit nerve cells.

  • Often a therapeutic implementation - can reduce depression.
30
Q

Transcranial direct current stimulation

A

Stimulates parts of the brain.

31
Q

What is ‘sensation’?

A

Awareness of stimulus due to stimulation of a sense organ.

32
Q

What is ‘perception’?

A

Organisation, identification and interpretation of a sensation to a form of mental representation.

33
Q

Psychophysics (2 key S’s)

A

Methods that measure the strength of a stimulus and the observer’s sensitivity to that stimulus.

34
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimal intensity required to just detect a stimulus.

  • Threshold = successful detection on 50% of trials.
35
Q

Weber’s Law (JND)

A

JND is a constant proportion of the standard - this proportion is called the Weber fraction.

36
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

Assumes that a stimulus is always presented against a background of internal noise.

  • Stimulus activity is added to the constant noise signal.
  • The individual decides whether the observed activity originates from ‘noise alone’ or from ‘stimulus + noise’.
37
Q

D-prime

A

A measure of an individuals ability to detect signals.

  • More specifically, a measure of sensitivity or discriminability derived from SDT that is unaffected by response bias.
38
Q

Liberal response criterion

A

Many hits, but also many false alarms.

39
Q

Conservative response

A

Many correct rejections, but also many misses.

Cognitive psychology (13 decks)

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