Lecture 10 Flashcards
Huey’s reading experiment
Huey devised an apparatus that contained a cup that was placed on the cornea with a hole drilled into it, which was attached to a mechanism that transferred movement onto a kymograph (an analog device that draws a graphical representation of spatial position over time).
Fixations - length
Between 100-500ms, depending on the difficulty of the test.
Saccades - length
Span about 7-9 characters.
Dual-route model
The ‘route’ we take depends on the words we’re reading.
- Words that occur often follow the left direct lexical route.
- Infrequent or non-existing words take the right phonological route.
A horse race model
Both routes (dual reading route) are parallel but do not cooperate. The first one to finish wins.
Interactive activation model
Activated words provide ‘top-down’ feedback to the reader.
- Used to dispute the Dual Route Model
Surface dyslexia
Impaired direct lexical route.
- Impaired reading of words with “irregular” or exceptional print-to-sound correspondences
Phonological dyslexia
Impaired phonological route
- Inability to read non-words like ‘refki’.
Deep dyslexia
Readers cannot retrieve the meaning of a word, but seem to have access to the semantic representation.
- Instead of ‘chair’ they may read ‘table’.
Developmental dyslexia
The child fails to read adequately despite normal education, intelligence, and an ability to learn.
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
Language indeed may influence the way we think and perceive.
Classical view (concepts (2))
Concepts are sets of rules that specify necessary and sufficient conditions for category membership
- Necessary: must be true in order to belong to the category.
- Sufficient: if true, the object must belong to the category.
Family resemblance theory
Members of a category have certain characteristic features, but not every member needs to possess all these features, and some features are never shared.
Prototype theory (membership)
Categorisation is organised around the properties of the most typical member of that category.
- Membership is ‘graded’; some objects fit the prototype better than others.
Exemplar theory
An object is compared with stored memories of all category members (exemplars) we have encountered.
Category-specific deficits
What leads to them?
- Brain injuries lead to them (temporal lobe)
Objects that belong to a particular category are not recognised, whereas items from other categories are recognised just fine (e.g., human-made objects v. food, living things).
Rational choice theory
- Equation
We make decisions by determining the value of an outcome and multiply that with the likelihood of occurring.
Availability bias
Information that is more readily available has a larger impact on our decision. It is judged as having occurred more frequently and as being more representative.
Confirmation tendency
More value is attributed to information that supports a presumption than information that disproves it.
Conjunction fallacy
Believing that two events are more likely to occur together than in isolation.
Representativeness heuristic
Making a probability judgement by comparing something or someone to a prototype.
Gamblers fallacy
If a particular even occurs more frequently than normal during the past, it is less likely to happen in the future.
Framing effects
The way in which situation a is phrased shapes the decision.
Sunk-cost fallacy
People make decisions based on previous investments.
Kahneman: 2 systems for solving problems
- System 1: relies on general observations and quick evaluative techniques (heuristic).
- System 2: Slow thinking, requires conscious, continuous attention to carefully assess the details of a given problem and logically reach a solution.
Analogical problem solving
Finding a problem (source) that is similar to the problem you need to solve (target) and applying the solution of the source onto the target.
Means-end-analysis
Generating subgoals to reach desired goal.
Functional fixedness
Our tendency to perceive an objects function as fixed.
Syllogistic reasoning
Determine whether a conclusion follows from 2 statements that are assumed to be true.
