Lecture 12

Question 1

Stages of sleep (5) + waves

Answer 1

• Stage 1 sleep – theta waves
• Stage 2 sleep – sleep spindles
• Stage 3/stage 4 sleep – delta waves
• REM sleep – fast, random

Question 2

REM sleep facts (4)

Answer 2

• Starts about 90 mins to 2h after you fall asleep.
• Stages get longer as night progresses.
• When woken up from REM people often report a dream.
• REM atonia: low muscle tone during REM sleep.

Question 3

Insomnia

Answer 3

• Person experiences trouble falling asleep.
• Barbiturates and alcohol make you fall asleep faster but decrease REM sleep.

Question 4

Apnea

Answer 4

Paused breathing, the person suddenly wakes up to breathe.

Question 5

Narcolepsy

Answer 5

Person suddenly falls asleep (REM) during waking activities.

Question 6

What sleep stage does sleepwalking occur?

Answer 6

Happens during phase 4

Question 7

Arrhythmical sleeplessness

Answer 7

Due to night shifts/jet lag.

Question 8

Why do we dream? - Freud

Answer 8

A dream is a symbolised expression of repressed sexual and aggressive desires.

Question 9

Dream consciousness

Answer 9

Emotions are intensely experience, thought is illogical but sensations are meaningful and fully formed. We uncritically accept the dream as if everything is perfectly normal, but we have difficulty remembering a dream.

Question 10

Why do we dream? - Activation-synthesis theory

Answer 10

Dreams are an attempt of the brain to distill a story from signals from lower brain centres that replay the day.

Question 11

Hypnosis

Answer 11

Essentially a form of behavioural compliance; willingness to conform and believe that you are not in control and not responsible for your actions.

Question 12

Posthypnotic amnesia

Answer 12

During a hypnosis session some information is learned by the subject, then asked to be forgotten by the hypnotist and the information is forgotten.

Question 13

Hypnotic analgesia

Answer 13

Reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis.

Question 14

James-Lange Theory

Answer 14

An emotion arises because we feel the reaction of the body.

• A stimulus elicits a reflex-like reaction in the autonomous nervous system. This reaction, when sensed, is experienced as a feeling.

Question 15

Cannon & Bard - emotion theory

Answer 15

A stimulus simultaneously activates the autonomic nervous system and the cortex via the thalamus. The cortex gives rise to the feeling of an emotion and is also able to inhibit it.

Question 16

Rationale for opposing James-Lange (4)

Answer 16

• The autonomic nervous system is too slow to account for rapid onset of emotional experiences.
• People can not really detect changes in their autonomic activity.
• Autonomic changes can be driven by nonemotional stimuli.
• Multiple emotions are accompanied by similar physical reactions, so how should one decide which emotion should be experienced?

Question 17

Two components theory of emotion - Schacter & Singer

Answer 17

There is an undifferentiated physiological arousal of the autonomic nervous system and a cognitive interpretation of the situation.

• Emotions are then cognitive ‘cause inferences about the aroused state’.

Question 18

Schater & Singer’s classic experiment

Answer 18

Participants injected with adrenaline, some were not.
Uninformed participants attributed this to the
emotional cues in the situation (euphoria or anger). Informed participants, though, attributed their arousal to the injection.

Question 19

What system is best known for its role in emotions? Name each part of this system

Answer 19

Limbic system:

• Amygdala
• Hippocampus
• Gyrus cinguli.

Question 20

LeDoux pathway idea

Answer 20

There is a fast direct pathway and a parallel slow indirect pathway. While the cortex is investigating the stimulus in detail, the amygdala can already elicit a fear response before we know what’s going on.

Question 21

Facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 21

Emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.

Question 22

Display rules (4)

Answer 22

Norms for controlling emotional expressions

1. Intensification: exaggerating the expression.
2. Deintensification: muting the expression
3. Masking: expressing a different emotion that what you are feeling.
4. Neutralising: Feeling an emotion but not expressing anything.