Lecture 12 Flashcards
Stages of sleep (5) + waves
- Stage 1 sleep – theta waves
- Stage 2 sleep – sleep spindles
- Stage 3/stage 4 sleep – delta waves
- REM sleep – fast, random
REM sleep facts (4)
- Starts about 90 mins to 2h after you fall asleep.
- Stages get longer as night progresses.
- When woken up from REM people often report a dream.
- REM atonia: low muscle tone during REM sleep.
Insomnia
- Person experiences trouble falling asleep.
- Barbiturates and alcohol make you fall asleep faster but decrease REM sleep.
Apnea
Paused breathing, the person suddenly wakes up to breathe.
Narcolepsy
Person suddenly falls asleep (REM) during waking activities.
What sleep stage does sleepwalking occur?
Happens during phase 4
Arrhythmical sleeplessness
Due to night shifts/jet lag.
Why do we dream? - Freud
A dream is a symbolised expression of repressed sexual and aggressive desires.
Dream consciousness
Emotions are intensely experience, thought is illogical but sensations are meaningful and fully formed. We uncritically accept the dream as if everything is perfectly normal, but we have difficulty remembering a dream.
Why do we dream? - Activation-synthesis theory
Dreams are an attempt of the brain to distill a story from signals from lower brain centres that replay the day.
Hypnosis
Essentially a form of behavioural compliance; willingness to conform and believe that you are not in control and not responsible for your actions.
Posthypnotic amnesia
During a hypnosis session some information is learned by the subject, then asked to be forgotten by the hypnotist and the information is forgotten.
Hypnotic analgesia
Reduction of pain through hypnosis in people who are susceptible to hypnosis.
James-Lange Theory
An emotion arises because we feel the reaction of the body.
- A stimulus elicits a reflex-like reaction in the autonomous nervous system. This reaction, when sensed, is experienced as a feeling.
Cannon & Bard - emotion theory
A stimulus simultaneously activates the autonomic nervous system and the cortex via the thalamus. The cortex gives rise to the feeling of an emotion and is also able to inhibit it.
Rationale for opposing James-Lange (4)
- The autonomic nervous system is too slow to account for rapid onset of emotional experiences.
- People can not really detect changes in their autonomic activity.
- Autonomic changes can be driven by nonemotional stimuli.
- Multiple emotions are accompanied by similar physical reactions, so how should one decide which emotion should be experienced?
Two components theory of emotion - Schacter & Singer
There is an undifferentiated physiological arousal of the autonomic nervous system and a cognitive interpretation of the situation.
- Emotions are then cognitive ‘cause inferences about the aroused state’.
Schater & Singer’s classic experiment
Participants injected with adrenaline, some were not.
Uninformed participants attributed this to the
emotional cues in the situation (euphoria or anger). Informed participants, though, attributed their arousal to the injection.
What system is best known for its role in emotions? Name each part of this system
Limbic system:
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
- Gyrus cinguli.
LeDoux pathway idea
There is a fast direct pathway and a parallel slow indirect pathway. While the cortex is investigating the stimulus in detail, the amygdala can already elicit a fear response before we know what’s going on.
Facial feedback hypothesis
Emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.
Display rules (4)
Norms for controlling emotional expressions
- Intensification: exaggerating the expression.
- Deintensification: muting the expression
- Masking: expressing a different emotion that what you are feeling.
- Neutralising: Feeling an emotion but not expressing anything.
