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Bioe 498: Cancer Tech > lecture 2 > Flashcards

lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

genes that normally help cells grow and divide to make new cells, or to help cells stay alive.

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2
Q

G2,G3

A

POG

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3
Q

P2, P3

A

POG protein products

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4
Q

G2* / P2*

A

oncogene: mutation of POG that enhances effect

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5
Q

G2/P2 –> G2* / P2*

A

“gain of function”
requires only one mutation
very probable compared to the opposite of this

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6
Q

tumor suppressor gene

A

encodes a protein that acts to regulate cell division, keeping it in check

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7
Q

G1, G4

A

TSG

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8
Q

P1, P4

A

TSG protein products

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9
Q

if enhance TSG

A

it will prevent growth of oncogen
anti-carcinogenic - will not cause cancer

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10
Q

if decrease TSG

A

its absence will ace growth and cell division
both G1s will have to be knocked out and deleted

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11
Q

G1* / P1*

A

TSG mutations

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12
Q

G1/P1 –> G1* P1*

A

“Loss of function”
requires 2 mutations

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13
Q

can mutations be turned on/off

A

yes

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14
Q

mutations have to occur in

A

specific genes

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15
Q

the mutations have to be “____”

A

driver/oncogenic

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16
Q

what is mutation that doesnt lead to carcinogensis

A

passenger mutation

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17
Q

carcinogen

A

cancer causing agent

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18
Q

two types of carcinogen functions

A

mutagen, promoter

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19
Q

mutagen

A

induces genetic mutations

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20
Q

promoter

A

enhances growth or division

21
Q

3 categories of carcinogens

A

physical, chemical, biological

22
Q

is DNA damage a mutation

A

No

23
Q

are DNA damage and mutations reversible or irreversible

A

DNA damage- reversible
mutations - irreversible

24
Q

two types of changes leading to cancer

A

genomic changes
cell population

25
Q

genomic changes

A

normal cell (mutated) –> grade 1 (mutated again –> grade 2
temporal progression of how the phentoype changes

26
Q

what are the progressive changes from cancer

A

cell division, movement, migration, and metastasize

27
Q

progeny

A

when a parent cell divides into daughter cells

28
Q

three events when a mutation occurs

A

initiation
promotion
progression

29
Q

need ___ oncogenic mutations to get to a late stage cancer

A

7-9

30
Q

epithelial cells

A

cells lining the surface
“polarized”

31
Q

mesoderm

A

inside the tissue

32
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

cells inside
“non polarized”

33
Q

carcinomas

A

arise from epthelial cells
90% of cancer
skin cancer

34
Q

sarcomas

A

arise from mesenchymal cells
10% of cancer

35
Q

simple squamous cells

A

alveoli, lung, kidney, glomerulus

36
Q

simple cuboidal

A

digestive track

37
Q

simple columnar

A

ovary, kidney, nephron, renal tubulus

38
Q

stratified cuboidal

A

vterus, slaivary gland, mammary gland

39
Q

hyperplasia

A

excessive growth and high levels of cells (bump in skin)

40
Q

metaplasia

A

phenotype change

41
Q

mild dysplasia

A

disordered growth
noggrowing in uniform monolayers

42
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

cells so mutated that they have the ability to spread outside

43
Q

cancer

A

invasive
it has officially spread
stage 1

44
Q

stage 1

A

carcinoma

45
Q

stage 2-3

A

spread into lymph nodes

46
Q

stage 4

A

migration into distant organs

47
Q

stage

A

degree of spread

48
Q

grade

A

cells in tumor

Bioe 498: Cancer Tech (9 decks)

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