lecture 2 Flashcards
Proto-oncogene
genes that normally help cells grow and divide to make new cells, or to help cells stay alive.
G2,G3
POG
P2, P3
POG protein products
G2* / P2*
oncogene: mutation of POG that enhances effect
G2/P2 –> G2* / P2*
“gain of function”
requires only one mutation
very probable compared to the opposite of this
tumor suppressor gene
encodes a protein that acts to regulate cell division, keeping it in check
G1, G4
TSG
P1, P4
TSG protein products
if enhance TSG
it will prevent growth of oncogen
anti-carcinogenic - will not cause cancer
if decrease TSG
its absence will ace growth and cell division
both G1s will have to be knocked out and deleted
G1* / P1*
TSG mutations
G1/P1 –> G1* P1*
“Loss of function”
requires 2 mutations
can mutations be turned on/off
yes
mutations have to occur in
specific genes
the mutations have to be “____”
driver/oncogenic
what is mutation that doesnt lead to carcinogensis
passenger mutation
carcinogen
cancer causing agent
two types of carcinogen functions
mutagen, promoter
mutagen
induces genetic mutations
promoter
enhances growth or division
3 categories of carcinogens
physical, chemical, biological
is DNA damage a mutation
No
are DNA damage and mutations reversible or irreversible
DNA damage- reversible
mutations - irreversible
two types of changes leading to cancer
genomic changes
cell population
genomic changes
normal cell (mutated) –> grade 1 (mutated again –> grade 2
temporal progression of how the phentoype changes
what are the progressive changes from cancer
cell division, movement, migration, and metastasize
progeny
when a parent cell divides into daughter cells
three events when a mutation occurs
initiation
promotion
progression
need ___ oncogenic mutations to get to a late stage cancer
7-9
epithelial cells
cells lining the surface
“polarized”
mesoderm
inside the tissue
mesenchymal cells
cells inside
“non polarized”
carcinomas
arise from epthelial cells
90% of cancer
skin cancer
sarcomas
arise from mesenchymal cells
10% of cancer
simple squamous cells
alveoli, lung, kidney, glomerulus
simple cuboidal
digestive track
simple columnar
ovary, kidney, nephron, renal tubulus
stratified cuboidal
vterus, slaivary gland, mammary gland
hyperplasia
excessive growth and high levels of cells (bump in skin)
metaplasia
phenotype change
mild dysplasia
disordered growth
noggrowing in uniform monolayers
carcinoma in situ
cells so mutated that they have the ability to spread outside
cancer
invasive
it has officially spread
stage 1
stage 1
carcinoma
stage 2-3
spread into lymph nodes
stage 4
migration into distant organs
stage
degree of spread
grade
cells in tumor
