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From Molecules to Cells > Lecture 18: Signalling through enzyme linked receptors > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Signalling through enzyme linked receptors Flashcards

1
Q

What receptors are involved with intrinsic enzymatic activity?

A

Receptor tyrosine kinases
Receptor serine/threonine kinases

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2
Q

What receptors are involved with linked enzymatic activity?

A

Cytokine receptors

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3
Q

What are kinases?

A

Enzymes that transfer a phosphate to a protein for phosphorylation

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4
Q

What are phosphatases?

A

Enzymes that remove phosphates from a protein

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5
Q

How do protein kinases work?

A

Catalyse the covalent modification of amino acids with OH groups using a phosphate from ATP

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6
Q

What is the role of phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation?

A

Molecular switches

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7
Q

How does signal transduction from protein phosphorylation usually occur?

A

In a cascade

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8
Q

How are RTK dimers stabilised?

A

Signal molecules

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9
Q

What is the process of RTK activation?

A
  1. Dimerisation brings intracellular kinase domains in contact
  2. Kinases are activated
  3. They phosphorylate each other on multiple tyrosines
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10
Q

How does signalling using RTKs occur?

A
  1. Phosphotyrosine residues make docking sites
  2. Association with and activation of downstream signalling proteins in receptor tails
  3. Generates signalling complex
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11
Q

How does termination of RTKs occur?

A
  1. Phosphate removal by protein tyrosine phosphatases
  2. Receptor endocytosis and degradation in lysosome
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12
Q

What is RAS?

A

Monomeric G protein that acts as a molecular switch downstream of RTK

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13
Q

How does RTK activate RAS?

A

Causes RAS to bind to GTP
This activates it

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14
Q

How does RTK activate RAS using GRB2/SOS?

A
  1. Phosphorylated RTK attracts GRB2 to PM
  2. GRB2 binds to SOS and activates it
  3. SOS converts RAS-GDP to active RAS-GTP
  4. This activates downstream pathways like MAPK
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15
Q

What happens when MAPK phosphorylation causes phosphorylation of enzymes?

A

Alters cell metabolism
Alters response to stimuli

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16
Q

What happens when MAPK phosphorylation causes phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins?

A

Altered cell shape

17
Q

What happens when MAPK phosphorylation causes phosphorylation of gene regulatory proteins?

A

Altered expression of many genes involved in cell survival proliferation migration and differentiation

18
Q

What is PI3K?

A

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
Heterodimeric lipid kinase

19
Q

What is in the regulatory subunit of PI3K?

A

SH2 domain

20
Q

What is in the catalytic subunit of PI3K?

A

ATP binding site
Dual specificity phosphorylates

21
Q

What are the three stages of signal transduction through cell surface receptors?

A

Reception
Transduction
Response

From Molecules to Cells (23 decks)

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