Lecture 1.1 Intro to Cells

Question 1

What are the three statements in cell theory?

Answer 1

1. Cells are the fundamental units of life
2. All organisms are made of cells
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 2

What is a unicellular organism?

Answer 2

Organism where single cell carries out all life functions

Question 3

What is a multicellular organism?

Answer 3

Organism made of many cells specialised for different functions

Question 4

What is the timeline of discovering cell structure?

Answer 4

1665 = Hooke
1674 = Leeuwenhoek
1833 = Brown
1839 = Schleiden and Schwann
1880 = Strausburger

Question 5

What was Hooke’s contribution to determining cell structure?

Answer 5

1665
Used primitive microscope
-Described small chambers in cork called cells

Question 6

What was Leeuwenhoek’s contribution to determining cell structure?

Answer 6

1674
- Discovered protozoa
- Saw bacteria for first time

Question 7

What was Brown’s contribution in determining cell structure?

Answer 7

1833
- Published microscopic observations of orchids
- Described cell nucleus

Question 8

What was Schleiden and Schwann’s contribution to determining cell structure?

Answer 8

1839
- Propose cell theory

Question 9

What was Strausburger’s contribution to determining cell structure?

Answer 9

1880
- Draws a living plant cell dividing over 2.5 hours

Question 10

What are the features of Prokaryotes?

Answer 10

• No nucleus
• No internal membrane
• Basic cytoskeleton

Question 11

What are the features of Eukaryotes?

Answer 11

• Nucleus containing DNA
• Complex internal membrane system
• Extensive cytoskeleton

Question 12

What are the two divisions of Prokaryotes?

Answer 12

Archaea and Bacteria

Question 13

What are internal membranes?

Answer 13

• Made of lipid bilayers
• A barrier between cytosol and organelles
• Maintains different chemical environments and protein contents
• Lets each organelle have a specialised function

Question 14

What are mitochondria?

Answer 14

• Site of oxidative phosphorylation
• Double membrane structure
• Has folded inner membrane

Question 15

How did archaea become eukaryotes?

Answer 15

Asgard archeon
Had protrusions which fused

Question 16

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 16

• Makes secretory and membrane proteins and lipids
• Network of interconnected spaces
• Enclosed in single membrane

Question 17

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 17

• Endoplasmic reticulum derived calcium store in muscle cells
• Role in contraction

Question 18

What is the golgi apparatus?

Answer 18

• Processing and packaging
• Gets proteins and lipids as cargo from ER
• Modification of cargo
• Sorting of cargo

Question 19

What is cytosol?

Answer 19

• Soluble, aqueous fraction
• Largest compartment in cell
• Location of cytoskeleton
• Protein synthesis and degradation
• Intermediary metabolism

Question 20

What are the model organisms used for prokaryotes?

Answer 20

E.coli

Question 21

What are the model organisms for lower eukaryotes?

Answer 21

S.cerevisiae
S.pombe

Question 22

What are the model organisms used for higher eukaryotes?

Answer 22

Vertebrate cells in culture

Question 23

What are zebrafish used for as model organisms?

Answer 23

Vertebrate development

Question 24

What are Drosophila melanogaster used for as model organisms?

Answer 24

Classical genetics
Development

Question 25

What is Caenorhabditis elegans used for as model organisms?

Answer 25

Genome sequencing
Programmed cell death