Lecture 1.1 Intro to Cells Flashcards
What are the three statements in cell theory?
- Cells are the fundamental units of life
- All organisms are made of cells
- All cells come from pre-existing cells
What is a unicellular organism?
Organism where single cell carries out all life functions
What is a multicellular organism?
Organism made of many cells specialised for different functions
What is the timeline of discovering cell structure?
1665 = Hooke
1674 = Leeuwenhoek
1833 = Brown
1839 = Schleiden and Schwann
1880 = Strausburger
What was Hooke’s contribution to determining cell structure?
1665
Used primitive microscope
-Described small chambers in cork called cells
What was Leeuwenhoek’s contribution to determining cell structure?
1674
- Discovered protozoa
- Saw bacteria for first time
What was Brown’s contribution in determining cell structure?
1833
- Published microscopic observations of orchids
- Described cell nucleus
What was Schleiden and Schwann’s contribution to determining cell structure?
1839
- Propose cell theory
What was Strausburger’s contribution to determining cell structure?
1880
- Draws a living plant cell dividing over 2.5 hours
What are the features of Prokaryotes?
- No nucleus
- No internal membrane
- Basic cytoskeleton
What are the features of Eukaryotes?
- Nucleus containing DNA
- Complex internal membrane system
- Extensive cytoskeleton
What are the two divisions of Prokaryotes?
Archaea and Bacteria
What are internal membranes?
- Made of lipid bilayers
- A barrier between cytosol and organelles
- Maintains different chemical environments and protein contents
- Lets each organelle have a specialised function
What are mitochondria?
- Site of oxidative phosphorylation
- Double membrane structure
- Has folded inner membrane
How did archaea become eukaryotes?
Asgard archeon
Had protrusions which fused
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
- Makes secretory and membrane proteins and lipids
- Network of interconnected spaces
- Enclosed in single membrane
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
- Endoplasmic reticulum derived calcium store in muscle cells
- Role in contraction
What is the golgi apparatus?
- Processing and packaging
- Gets proteins and lipids as cargo from ER
- Modification of cargo
- Sorting of cargo
What is cytosol?
- Soluble, aqueous fraction
- Largest compartment in cell
- Location of cytoskeleton
- Protein synthesis and degradation
- Intermediary metabolism
What are the model organisms used for prokaryotes?
E.coli
What are the model organisms for lower eukaryotes?
S.cerevisiae
S.pombe
What are the model organisms used for higher eukaryotes?
Vertebrate cells in culture
What are zebrafish used for as model organisms?
Vertebrate development
What are Drosophila melanogaster used for as model organisms?
Classical genetics
Development
What is Caenorhabditis elegans used for as model organisms?
Genome sequencing
Programmed cell death
