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From Molecules to Cells > Lecture 15: ECM and plant cell wall > Flashcards

Lecture 15: ECM and plant cell wall Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the role of the extracellular matrix in animal tissues?

A

The architectural basis
Controls mechanical properties

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2
Q

How does the ECM control mechanical properties of animal tissues?

A

Through its protein composition

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3
Q

What type of collagen is in connective tissue?

A

90% is collagen 1
The amount of collagen 1 correlates to tissue stiffness

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4
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A

Collagen 1 which are dark and light rings
Osteoblasts that deposit ECM in bone are black dots
Gaps are calcium phosphate

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5
Q

What is collagen made by in bone?

A

Osteoblasts

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6
Q

What is collagen made by in skin and tendons?

A

Fibroblasts

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7
Q

What are the four stages of collagen composition?

A
  1. Procollagen polypeptide chain
  2. Triple stranded helical procollagen molecule
  3. Collagen fibril
  4. Collagen fibres
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8
Q

What is procollagen?

A

Collagen is secreted as procollagen
It can’t form fibrils until its cleaved

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9
Q

What is the organisation of procollagen?

A

Cells deposit it in an oriented way
They rearrange fibres after secretion using integrins in focal contacts

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10
Q

What are the results of genetic conditions affecting the ECM?

A

Abnormally stretchy skin
Brittle bone disease
Skeletal abnormalities

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11
Q

What is the role of integrins?

A

Attach the cell’s cytoskeleton to ECM

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12
Q

What determines cytoskeleton linkage?

A

The type of cell

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13
Q

What type of cytoskeleton linkage is in migrating cells?

A

Focal adhesions

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14
Q

What type of cytoskeleton linkage is in epithelial monolayers?

A

Hemi desmosomes

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15
Q

How to fibroblasts attach to the ECM?

A

Using integrins in focal contacts

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16
Q

How do cells bind to collagen?

A

Using a linker protein

17
Q

What is the linker protein in focal adhesions?

A

Fibronectin

18
Q

What is the linker protein in the basal lamina?

A

Laminin

19
Q

In what ways do integrins change during animal cell mitosis?

A

They are phosphorylated
Weaken their grip on ECM

20
Q

What is the role of the spaces in between collagen?

A

Filled by gels of polysaccharide and protein
Resist compression

21
Q

What are GAGs?

A

Large negative polysaccharides
Hydrophilic

22
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Extracellular proteins with covalently linked GAGs

23
Q

What is the process of proteoglycan synthesis?

A
  1. Protein component made in ER
  2. Glycosylation starts
  3. Glycosylation completed in golgi
  4. Delivered to plasma membrane by constitutive secretion
24
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Tough and resists compression
GAGs generate swelling pressure
Pressure resisted by collagen fibres

25
Q

What is hyalyronan?

A

Made of carbohydrate and no protein

26
Q

Where does hyaluronan synthesis happen?

A

Plasma membrane
Extruded into extracellular space

27
Q

What are the properties of the plant ECM?

A

Tough external walls for strength
Cell wall resists turgor pressure
Resists compression and tension
Long fibres oriented along stress lines

28
Q

What are the properties of the primary cell wall?

A

Laid down first
Relatively thin
Allows the cell to grow

29
Q

What are the properties of the secondary cell wall?

A

Composition controlled by cell to determine its properties
Hard in wood and flexible in leaves

30
Q

What are the purpose of cellulose fibres in the plant cell wall?

A

Tensile strength

31
Q

What is the structure of cellulose fibres?

A

Polysaccharide of D glucose
Long fibres with 16 strands
Held together with H bonds

32
Q

What is the arrangement of cellulose fibres?

A

Interwoven with other polysaccharides

33
Q

What is the role of pectin?

A

Sticks neighbouring cells together
Fills spaces and resists compression

34
Q

What is determined by the organisation of cellulose fibres?

A

The axis of cell growth
Tissue structure

35
Q

What is the process of synthesis of cellulose fibres?

A
  1. Cellulose synthase made at ER
  2. Transported by golgi to PM to synthesis cellulose
36
Q

What drives the movement of cellulose?

A

Cellulose synthesis

37
Q

What is the process of cellulose deposition in the plant cell wall?

A
  1. Cellulose fibrils synthesised and extruded through PM by cellulose synthase
  2. Microtubules in cell determine orientation of deposition outside of cell

From Molecules to Cells (23 decks)

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