Lecture 18: Neighbourhoods Flashcards
What are other measures of SEP in NZ?
Housing (eg tenure)
Culture (accepted patterns)
Population based services and facilities
Social capital (how connected are you?)
What are upstream examples that are implemented with level 1 and level 2?
Fluoridation of water
Green prescription
Taxation
What is a green prescription?
A prescription given by a practitioner with cheap access to gyms etc
(So outer level = upstream)
(Implementation = downstream)
What is neighbourhood deprivation?
A way of measuring people’s relative position in society
Measures material deprivation
Uses a deficit approach (what they don’t have)
Define deprivation
A state observable and demonstrable disadvantage relative to the local community or wider society or nation to which an individual, family or group belongs
What variables are included in the NZDEP
Communication (no internet) Income (x2) Employment Qualifications Owned home Support Living space Transport
Where are apparently the most deprived/least deprived neighbourhoods?
Most: northland, tairawhiti
Least: southern, Nelson-Marlborough
What is the correct use of NZ census data?
Planning and a Resource Allocation
Research
Advocacy
What is the correct/ incorrect phrase describing neighbourhood deprivation?
Correct: “people living in the most deprived neighbourhoods”
Incorrect: “the most deprived people…”
Neighbourhood values cannot be ascribed to individual
Define ecological fallacy
The error that arises when information about groups of people is used to make inferences about individuals
Define a healthy environment
The physical, social or political setting that prevents disease while enhancing human health and wellbeing
Elements of a healthy environment?
Clean air and water Appropriate housing Access to wholesome food Safe community spaces Access to transport Opportunities to incorporate exercise as a part of daily life
Definition of a built environment?
All the buildings, spaces and products that are created or at least significantly modified by people
Two categories of the built environment?
Structures (ie home schools, workplaces) Urban designs (parks, business areas and roads)
Three subtypes of urban design?
Above ground: electric transmission lines
Below ground: waste disposal, subway trains
Across land: motorways, transportation network
How could the built environment be measured?
- Urban density
- Land-Use Mix
- Street Connectivity
- Community Resources
Define urban density
Population/employment density
Define land-use mix
Residential, commercial, industrial, wasteland
Example of street connectivity
Lollipop neighbourhoods vs well connected streets
Define community resources
Access to recreational facilities or healthy foods
Examples of community resource accessibility (36 facilities representing 6 domains)
- Recreational (eg parks)
- Public transport
- Educational
- Shopping facilities
- Health
- Social
How does housing measure socioeconomic position?
Tenure (whether private or social rented) - is problematic as many houses are owned by family trusts
Conditions: overcrowding, insulation, damp, mould etc
What is the NZdep2913 communications variable?
People aged
What are the two income variables (NZ Dep2013)?
- People age 18-64 receiving a means tested benefit
2. People living in equalised households with income below a threshold
What is the NZdep2013 employment variable?
People aged 18-64 unemployed
What is the NZDep2013 qualifications variable?
People aged 18-64 without any qualifications
What is the NZDep2013 variable owned home?
People not living at home
What is the NZdep2013 support variable?
People aged
What is the NZdep2013 living space variable?
People living in equivalised households below a bedroom occupancy threshold
What is the NZdep2013 transport variable?
People with no access to a car
What is equivalisation?
A method used to control for household composition
What is the urban form characteristic of the concept “interconnectivity of roads”?
Street network characteristics and design
What is the key feature of interconnectivity of roads?
Grid like pattern
What is the health related benefits of interconnectivity of roads?
Reduces distance between destination
Encourages the use of active transport
What is the urban characteristic form of “traffic calming and other street design features”?
Street network characteristics and design
What are the key features of traffic calming and other street design features?
Street width
Cycle lanes
Traffic management
Pedestrian crossings
What are the health related benefits of traffic calming and other street design features?
Facilities that encourage walking and cycling and discourage driving
What is the urban form characteristic of food retail?
Land use mix
What is the key feature of food retail?
Accessible supermarkets and local food stores
What are the health related benefits of food retail?
Provides a range of nutritious foods at competitive prices
What is the urban form characteristic of mix of residential, commercial and business use?
Land-use mix
What is the key feature of mix of residential, commercial and business use?
Different use of land within a given zone
What is the health related benefit of mix of residential, commercial and business use?
Increase opportunities for active transport
What is the urban for characteristic of “public open spaces and physical activity spaces”?
Land-use mix
What are the key features of “public open spaces and physical activity spaces”?
Open spaces in close proximity to residents
Pools
Parks
Playgrounds
What are the health related benefits of “public open spaces and physical activity spaces”?
Increased opportunity for physical activity
What is the urban form characteristic of density (private dwelling/m^2)?
Housing density
What is are the key features of density (private dwelling/m^2)?
Increasing the number of residential and commercial premises in a area
What is the health related benefit of density (private dwelling/m^2)?
Increases active transport
What is the urban form characteristic of food production?
Site design
What are the key features of food production?
Home/community gardens
What are the health related benefits of food production?
Cheap, fresh produce may also provide educational and mental health benefits
What is the urban form characteristic of street aesthetics?
Site design
What are the key features of street aesthetics?
Adequate lighting
Clean parks
Provision of public transport and facilities
What are the health related benefits of street aesthetics?
Improved safety
Creates an environment that promotes active transport and well being
What is the urban form characteristic of “improve/develop public transport systems”?
Transport planning
What are the key features of improve/develop public transport systems?
Bus stops
Cycling facilities
Access to public transport stops
What is the health related benefit of improve/develop public transport systems?
Increase active transport
How many variables are there on the NZDep13?
9
Where on the Dahlgren and whitehead model do upstream interventions tend to be?
Outermost arch
Who can interventions target?
The individual, the family and community, or the environment
Can neighbourhood values be ascribed to individuals?
No
What sort of environments are chronic diseases, such as CDV or obesity, associated with?
Sedentary lifestyles with poor nutrition (aka an unhealthy environment)
What measures resources in communities?
The community resource accessibility index
What do built environments do?
Restrict or enable healthy lifestyles
