Lecture 18: Introduction to Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A
  • an interconnected web of biochemical reactions
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2
Q

Series of reactions are

A

categorized into different metabolic pathways

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3
Q

Main purpose of metabolism (3)

A
  1. Generate energy
  2. Produce important molecules
  3. Eliminate toxic chemicals
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4
Q

Anabolism

A
  • building of complex molecules from numerous simple ones with useful energy (ATP)
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5
Q

Catabolism

A
  • the breakdown of complex molecules (fuel) into numerous simple ones
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6
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate

A
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7
Q

ATP to ADP process

A
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8
Q

ATP to AMP

A
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9
Q

How is free energy released?

A

ATP hydrolysis

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10
Q

ATP is commonly

A

hydrolyzed to ADP

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11
Q

ATP can be used to drive….

A

thermodynamically unfavourable reactions

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12
Q

ATP is the key intermediate between….. they can……

A
  • Phosporyl group transfer reactions.
  • Can accept/donate phosphoryl groups from/to important metabolites
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13
Q

After stored ATP and creatine phosphate is used up, ATP is….

A
  • regenerated through aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
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14
Q

As muscle ATP decreases….

A

creatine phosphate acts as a phosphoryl buffer and replenish the ATP supply

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15
Q

Creatine Phosphate

A

a reserve of high-energy phosphate groups that can be used to rapidly generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate) during intense physical activity.

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16
Q

—– reactions releases energy

17
Q

most energy comes from molecules that are most …

18
Q

Carbons in carbohydrates and fats is….

A

oxidized to CO2 one carbon at a time, and the energy released is used to regenerate ATP from ADP and Pi

19
Q

Oxidation:

A

lose electron (gain C-O bonds)

20
Q

Reduction

A
  • gain electrons (Lose C-O bonds)
21
Q

Redox reaction

A

Transfer of e- between two molecules

22
Q

To determine if a molecule is oxidized or reduced:

A
  • determine oxidation number
  • count bonds to oxygen
23
Q

Increase in oxidation numbers mean

24
Q

Decrease in oxidation numbers mean

25
FInding oxidation via electronegativity:
26
FInding oxidation via number of oxygen bonds:
27
Activated carrier (5) | What it is+ ex
Molecule carrying a group that can be readily donated to other molecules. They may carry: - Phosphoryl groups: ATP - Electrons for fuel oxidation: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2) - Electron for biosynthesis: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) - Two-carbon units: acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)
28
Activated carriers of electron for fuel oxidation: NADH | reactive site + what happens
- NAD+ is not carrying electrons, NADH is carrying electrons
29
Activated carriers of electron for fuel oxidation: FADH2 | reactive site + what happens
30
Activated Carriers of two-carbon units: Acetyl-CoA
31
---- is the precursor to many activated carriers
Vitamin B
32
Activated carriers (ATP, NADH, NADPH, FADH2 and acetyl-CoA) are kinectically stable this means... + stability results in...(2)
- they react very slowly without specific catalyst enzymes, aka they dont react spontaneously. - This stability results in enzymes controlling the flow of metabolism
33
Metabolis is ----- to maintain ---- and to respond to -----
- highly regulated - homeostatsis - changing environmental conditions
34
Regulation of metabolism (3)
35
The energy status of a cell controls metabolism. What is energy charge? | formula+what high EC mean
- Measure of how much energy is in a cell (cell's energy status)