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MEDSCI 201 > Lecture 18 - Epithelia > Flashcards

Lecture 18 - Epithelia Flashcards

1
Q

what is the amorphus component of the ECM?

A

the ground substance

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2
Q

what is the most basic way to define the purpose of studying histology?

A

the relationship between tissues and their respective cells with the physiological features of the tissue/organ

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3
Q

what relationship allows histology to come alive?

A

the relationship between organisation of different tissues with their specialised cells and ECM in the context of the organ they form

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4
Q

what are the four types of tissue

A
  • epithelia
  • muscular
  • nervous
  • connective
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5
Q

what type of tissue are glands?

A

epithelial tissue

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6
Q

what is a common function of all epithelial tissues

A

barrier

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7
Q

what are the functions of epithelia?

A
  • physical protection e.g skin
  • control permeability (absorption, secretion, excretion)
  • provide sensation
  • provide specialised secretions
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8
Q

true or false, epithelia are polarised

A

true
due to different specialisations of apical and basal layers

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9
Q

where is simple epithelia usually found?

A

where secretion, filtration or absorption is needed

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10
Q

where is stratified epithelia usually found?

A

where protection is required

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11
Q

mesothelium and endothelium are a type of __________ ________ epithelium, and are derived from the __________ and _________ respectively

A

simple squamous, mesoderm, endoderm

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12
Q

describe appearance of simple squamous epithelia

A
  • central nuclei
  • cobblestone appearance
  • fenestrations allowing passage of large molecules
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13
Q

what are the main functions of simple squamous?

A
  • reduce friction
  • filtration
  • absorption and secretion
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14
Q

describe simple cuboidal epithelia

A
  • cube shape
  • Large surface area (good for secretion and absorption)
  • central nuclei
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15
Q

where is simple cuboidal epithelia found?

A
  • glands, ducts
  • tubules of kidney
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16
Q

describe simple columnar epithelia

A
  • tall column cells
  • elongated nuclei that are found lower in the cell
  • nuclei are closer together than with cuboidal
  • microvilli found sometimes (increases surface area for more absorption)
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17
Q

where are simple columnar epithelia found

A

collecting duct of kidney
- microvilli for large surface area because we want heaps of absorption

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18
Q

describe pseudostratified columnar epithelia

A
  • still only one layer of cells
  • every cell attaches to the BM
  • cilia (movement)
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19
Q

where is pseudostratified columnar epithelia found?

A
  • lining of nasal cavity
  • bronchi
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20
Q

what are the two functions of pseudostratified columnar?

A

protection (to a degree) and secretion

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21
Q

what are the two functions of simple columnar?

A

protection (to a degree), secretion and absorption (microvilli)

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22
Q

where is stratified squamous found?

A

skin, mouth, oesophagus, anus, vagina and throat

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23
Q

what is the main function of stratified squamous epithelium?

A

physical protection against abrasion, pathogens and chemical attack

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24
Q

where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?

A

rare, but lines some ducts e.g sweat ducts

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25
what is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
protection, absorption, secretion
26
where is stratified columnar usually found?
parts of the pharynx, epiglottis, salivary glands, mammary glands
27
what is the one function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
protection. no absorption or secretion
28
where are stem cells in epithelium?
bottom layer of stratified epithelia
29
where is stratified transitional found?
bladder, ureters, renal pelvis
30
what is the main function of stratified transitional
permits expansion and recoil
31
what are the types of intracellular attachment
tight junctions/zona occludins spot desmosomes (macula adherens) zonula adherens junction hemidesmosome junction Gap junction
32
where are tight junctions found?
apical-lateral surface of the cell
33
what are the functions of tight junctions?
- polarises the cell - prevents movement of apical or basal based proteins (fluid membrane) - prevents molecule movement between cells
34
what is the structure of tight junctions?
interlocking junctional proteins Transmembrane proteins include: - occludins - claudins - JAM Zona occludens link the transmembrane proteins to the actin cytoskeleton
35
where are zona adherens junctions found?
just below the tight junctions
36
what are the functions of the adherens junction
- stabilise cell to cell contact - regulate actin cytoskeleton - regulate cell signalling
37
bands of the protein ________ form the terminal ______ and project upwards to the _____________ on the apical cell surface
actin, web, microvilli
38
how can microvilli move?
adherens junction acts upon actin terminal web, which can contract and pull the microvilli apart to increase surface area
39
what is the structure of the adherens junction?
transmembrane proteins: - Cadherins alpha and beta catenin link the cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton
40
where are desmosomes found?
lateral cell surface
41
what is the function of desmosomes
link cells together provide strength to epithelial layes
42
what is the structure of desmosomes
transmembrane - desmoglein - desmocolin intracellular proteins that link to keratin intermediate filaments: - plakophilin - plakoglibin - desmoplankin
43
where are gap junctions found
lateral surface
44
what is the main function of gap junctions
pore - allows movement of molecules up to 1kilo dalton in size
45
what is the structure of gap junctions
6 connexins which form a connexon. 2 connexons in adjoining cells
46
where is a hemidesmosome found?
at the basal surface
47
what is the function of a hemidesmosome?
attaches one cell to the ECM at the BM attaches to intermediate filaments intracellularly
48
what is the structure of hemidesmosomes?
Linking protein: integrins which connect to SAMS which connect to underlying CT
49
which two layers form the basal lamina?
the lamina lucida and the lamina densa
50
which three layers form the basement membrane
lamina lucida lamina dena lamina fibroreticularis
51
which layers of the basement membrane is produced by what?
lamina lucida and densa are produced by epithelial cells Lamina fibroreticularis is produced by CT
52
what are stereocilia (epithelia)
similar to microvilli in structure, also have actin - longer, thicker and can be branched (increased SA over microvilli)
53
where are stereocilia found?
sensory hair cells of inner ear (mechanosensors) vas deferens and epididymis
54
what are cilia?
membrane extensions containing microtubules made of tubulin - used for movement of materials over cell surface
55
what is the structure of microtubules
9 pairs of tubules with two central tubules
56
what is a gland?
a collection of cells or an organ responsible for secretions and excretions
57
what are the two basic shapes of glands?
Acinar/alveolar - large bulbous collection of secretory and excretory cells within a small lumen or interior space (grape bunch) Tubular - cells of consistent shape that form a uniform tubular lumen
58
what is a unicellular gland and what is an example?
gland that is only one cell - goblet cell secretes mucus for lubrication and protection of epithelia
59
what are the 5 types of simple glands and where are they found?
simple tubular (intestinal glands) simple coiled tubular (eccrine sweat glands) simple branched tubular (gastric glands) simple alveolar (not in adult) simple branched alveolar (sebaceous glands)
60
what are the two modes of secretion?
endocrine, exocrine
61
what are the features of endocrine secretion?
released into bloodstream acts within the body
62
what are the features of exocrine secretion?
released via a duct onto an epithelial surface (sweat, sebum)
63
what are the features of merocrine secretion?
- secretion occurs via exocytosis - no part of the cell is lost or damaged - salivary glands, sweat and pancreatic glands (most common)
64
what are the features of apocrine secretion?
cell releases vesicles but loses some cytoplasm during secretion. cell repairs itself - mammary glands
65
what are the features of holocrine secretion?
cell ruptures during secretion, new cells grow from a stem cell layer - sebaceous glands
66
Merocrine, apocrine and holocrine are all types of ___________ secretion
exocrine

MEDSCI 201 (18 decks)

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