Lecture 6: Tissues under load 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a complex synovial joint?

A

when there is a simple joint plus extra structures

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2
Q

what is a compound synovial joint?

A

when there is more than two bones at a joint

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3
Q

what kind of joint is the knee?

A

a comound-complex synovial joint

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4
Q

in joints, which is more common, angular or linear movement?

A

angular. linear movement would be the lateral sliding of bones which is not good

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5
Q

what is the largest joint in the body?

A

the knee

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6
Q

what are the complex features in the knee joint?

A
  • shape of the contributing bones (condyles, fossa and trochlea)
  • intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments
  • tendons
  • menisci
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7
Q

which three bones form the knee joint?

A

tibia, femur and patella

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8
Q

why isn’t the fibula part of the knee joint?

A

because it doesn’t contribute to the articulation of the knee

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9
Q

why is the knee a compound joint?

A

because there are three articulating surfaces

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10
Q

what are the three articulating surfaces in the knee joint that makes is compound?

A

2 are found between the condyles of the tibia and femur
- lateral tibio-femoral joint
- medial tibio-femoral joint
- patellar-femoral joint

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11
Q

how is the patella a sesamoid bone?

A

because it isn’t attached to the femur by ligament, but instead sits in a trochlea

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12
Q

what is the function of the trochlea?

A

to prevent the patella from sliding laterally or medially

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13
Q

what is a meniscus?

A

like a rubber washer- a fibrocartilage ring that supports the femur

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14
Q

what is the intercondylar eminence?

A

acts as a plug, sits in the fossa and allows rotation of the knee joint

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15
Q

what is the intercondylar fossa?

A

the space between the condyles of the femur. it sits atop the intercondylar eminence and allows for movement of the femur and tibia anteriorly and posteriorly without moving them medially or laterally (linear movement prevented)

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16
Q

rotation of the knee can only occur when it is?

A

flexed

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17
Q

can your knee joint abduct and adduct?

A

lets bloody hope not

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18
Q

flexion and extension of the knee is movement in the ____________ plane, and it is pivoting around the ______________ axis

A

sagittal, medial-lateral or transverse

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19
Q

what are the adaptations made to the bone shape that allows for a larger angle of movement of the knee joint?

A
  • curved ends of bones
  • offsetting articulating surfaces (condyles ‘poke out’)
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20
Q

what is the negative side effect of offsetting the articulating surfaces at a joint?

A

one articular surface is longer than the other and the joint would roll off

21
Q

what adaptation prevents the femur from rolling off of the tibia?

A

rolling and sliding anteriorly and posteriorly
- IF and IE is the adaptation that prevents medial and lateral sliding

22
Q

rotation of the knee is movement in the ____________ plane, and it is pivoting around the ______________ axis

A

transverse, superior-inferior

23
Q

what adaptation allows rotation of the knee joint?

A

the intercondylar eminence acting as a round pivot point for 360º rotation rather than just forwards and backwards movement

24
Q

approximately how much rotation in degrees do we get while sitting?

25
Q

adduction and abduction of the knee would be movement in the ____________ plane, and would pivot around the ______________ axis

A

frontal, anterior-posterior

26
Q

ligaments are made out of _________ connective tissue

A

dense connective tissue

27
Q

the main purpose of ligaments is to?

A

distribute tensile loads to other structures within the joint, and limiting or controlling the limits of joint motion

28
Q

what movement do ligaments prevent in the knee?

A

abduction and adduction

29
Q

what are extracapsular ligaments?

A

ligaments that occur outside the articular capsule

30
Q

what are capsular ligaments?

A

they form the outer fibrous layer of the articular capsule

31
Q

what are intracapsular ligaments?

A

ligaments that are found inside the articular capsule

32
Q

list the two collateral ligaments of the knee

A
  • Tibial (or medial) collateral ligament (joins femur to tibia)
  • fibular (or lateral) collateral ligament (joins femur to the fibula)
33
Q

the collateral ligaments only work…?

A

when the knee is in full extension. during flexion these ligaments are loose.

34
Q

what are the retinaculae?

A

fibrous connective tissue that stengthens the ligament and stabilises the patella in place, as the quads move the patella in multiple directions

35
Q

which ligament does knee adduction break?

A

fibular (or lateral) collateral ligament

36
Q

which ligament does knee abduction break?

A

tibial (or medial) collateral ligament

37
Q

what feature of the knee prevents adduction and abduction in the unwanted plane?

A

the condyles

38
Q

what are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

the cruciate ligaments:
- anterior cruciate ligament
- posterior cruciate ligament

39
Q

where are the cruciate ligaments of the knee attached?

A

to the inside of the articular capsule - the intercondylar fossa

40
Q

where are the attachments of the anterior cruciate ligament

A

attaches to the tibia anteriorly and the intercondylar fossa posteriorly

41
Q

where are the attachments of the posterior cruciate ligament

A

attaches to the tibia anteriorly and the intercondylar fossa anteriorly

42
Q

what movements does the anterior cruciate ligament resist in terms of the femur and tibia?

A

resists the posterior movement of the femur and the anterior movement of the tibia

43
Q

what movements does the posterior cruciate ligament resist in terms of the femur and tibia?

A

resists the anterior movement of the femur and the posterior movement of the tibia

44
Q

ligaments provide ________ stabilisation of the knee, whereas tendons and muscles provide _______ stabilisation of the knee

A

passive, active

45
Q

how are the collateral ligaments both extracapsular and capsular?

A

because they transition from being outside the articular capsule to being a part of the articular capsule, but aren’t inside like the ACL and PCL.

46
Q

what are the four muscles of the quadriceps femoris?

A
  • rectus femoris
  • vastus intermedius
  • vastus medius
  • vastus lateralis
47
Q

which muscle attaches to the patella ligament

A

none, its a ligament between the patella and the tibia

48
Q

where is the origin and insertion of the quadriceps?

A

origin is at the femur (unless it is rectus femoris, whose origin is at the ilium), insertion is at the patella.

49
Q

where are the insertions of the hamstring muscles?

A

biceps femoris = laterial side of the tibia and the head of the fibia
semitendinosus = medial side of the tibia
semimbranosus = medial side of the tibia