Lecture 8 - Female reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

The uterus faces?

A

anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how is the uterus kept in place?

A

by a series of ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

why is positioning of the uterus important?

A

because the ovaries are not connected to the uterus in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the three main ligaments and their functions?

A
  • broad ligament (stops lateral movement of the uterus)
  • suspensory ligament (connects the overies to the pelvis wall and contains the ovarian blood vessels)
  • ovarian ligament (connects the overies to the uterus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

oocytes are produced during?

A

gestation, at about 6-8 moths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how many oocytes does a female have at birth?

A

1 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the two pituitary hormones of the female reproductive system?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the two main ovarian hormone levels?

A

estrogens and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the new boundaries for 1º, 2º and 3º follicles?

A

1º = single layer of granulosa cells
2º = multiple layers of granulosa cells
3º = antrum formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how long does it take from the time of follicle activation to ovulation?

A

about 85 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

true or false, each menstrual cycle, a follicle is chosen to be activated.

A

false, groups of follicles are stimulated to grow rapidly (this is the follicular wave) but only one is dominant and is ovulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where is the fundus of the uterus?

A

at the top, points anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a retroflexed uterus?

A

when the uterus points slightly posteriorly rather than anteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is intersting about a retroflexed uterus and birth?

A

babies in a normal antiflexed uterus must rotate 90º before birth. In a retroflexed uterus, this doesn’t need to change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how does uterine volume change during pregnancy?

A

goes from about 10ml of volume to 5L (for one baby on average)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the massive change in uterine volume tell us about the uterus activity?

A
  • massive physiological changes must happen in the uterus during pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the bottom of the uterus is continuous with the ________

18
Q

what are the three layers of the uterus?

A

serosa (aka perimetrium)
myometrium
endometrium

19
Q

describe the myometrium

A
  • makes up 90% of uterine tissue
  • main function is forceful expulsion of fetus
  • doesn’t change during menstrual cycle
20
Q

describe the contractions of the myometrium during the menstrual cycle

A
  • during the proliferative phase the contractions are generally upwards (which may aid sperm)
  • during the secretory phase, contractions are usually downwards (which may aid embryo transport)
21
Q

describe the layers of the endometrium

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • functional layer (the bit that changes over the menstrual cycle)
  • basilar layer (connects to myometrium)
22
Q

which day does the endometrial cycle start?

A

on the first day of the menstrual bleed (menses)

23
Q

describe the glands over the course of the endometrial cycle

A

glands begin to form in proliferative phase but are inactive and there are lots by the secretory phase to provide nutrition for implanting embryo

24
Q

what is the decidua?

A

the tissue that is lost during menstruation and the tissue that undergoes the decidual reactions

25
Q

how is implantation different in humans than it is to other animals?

A

the embryo implants entirely inside the wall of the uterus (implantation into decidua)

26
Q

what is the decidual reaction?

A

the stroma of the endometrium becomes oedematous (secretory) stromal fibroblasts expand and fill with glycogen, which acts as an energy source for the embryo

27
Q

how is the decidual reaction different in women than to other species?

A

usually they happen after implanation in other species, but ours happens before and happens every menstrual cycle

28
Q

what is the window of implantation?

A

a 48 hour window in which the endometrium is receptive
- expression of adhesion molecules which interact with the trophectoderm on the blastocyst

29
Q

what are pinopodes?

A

we dont really know, but they appear during the window of implantation, so may assist in adhesion

30
Q

when is the window of implantation

A

typically starts on day 21

31
Q

list the major uterine blood vessels

A
  • uterine artery
  • arcuate arteries
  • radial arteries
  • spiral arteries
32
Q

what is special about the spiral arteries?

A

they are tonically active

33
Q

what happens to the spiral arteries during menses?

A

they lose their terminal segments. to prevent exsanguination, they spasm
- this causes cramps

34
Q

what happens to the spiral arteries during the proliferative phase?

A

they grow back very rapidly, so rapidly that they grow faster than the endometrium and form spring like coils

35
Q

how do we know the decidual reactions are not required for implantaiton?

A

ectopic pregnancies

36
Q

what are the (technically three) layers of the cervix and their epithelia?

A
  • endocervix (single columnar)
  • transitional zone
  • ectocervix (multi-layered squamous)
37
Q

cervical cancers always arise in the?

A

transitional zone of the cervix

38
Q

when does the transitional zone form?

39
Q

describe the epithelia changes before puberty in the cervix between zones

A

they change in the space of a single cell (from simple columnar to multi-layered squamous)

40
Q

which vaccination/disease effects the transitional zone?