Lecture 18: Clinical Microbiology

Question 1

7 sample types

Answer 1

• Blood
• Swabs
• Transudates/Exudates
• Urine
• Feces
• Vomitus
• Tissues

Question 2

Venipuncture sites

Answer 2

• Jugular
• Femoral
• Cephalic
• Saphenous
• Caudal vein
• Ear veins
• Wing
• Cranial vena cava

Question 3

Blood can be used for

Answer 3

• Culture
• Serology
• Molecular diagnostics

Question 4

Red vacutainer

Answer 4

No additive or with clot activator

Question 5

Red/gray “tiger” vacutainer

Answer 5

Clot activator and serum separator

Question 6

Lavender vacutainer

Answer 6

K-EDTA anticoagulant

Question 7

Green vacutainer

Answer 7

Lithium or sodium heparin anticoag

Question 8

Green/gray “Green tiger” vacutainer

Answer 8

Lithium heparin and plasma separator

Question 9

Light blue vacutainer

Answer 9

Sodium citrate anticoagulant

Question 10

Swabs are used in what areas?

Answer 10

• Ears
• Wounds
• Abscesses
• Conjunctiva
• Joint
• Genitourinary areas

Question 11

Transudates/exudates/misc fluids

Answer 11

• Abscess
• Peritoneal fluids
• Thoracic fluids
• Oral fluids
• Nasal fluids
• CSF
• Joint fluid
• TTW

Question 12

Ways to get urine

Answer 12

• Cystocentesis
• Catheter
• Free catch
• Environmental

Question 13

Ways to get feces

Answer 13

• Fecal loop
• Fecal swab
• Environmental

Question 14

4 types of stains

Answer 14

• Histopathology
• Romanowsky/Wrights/Giemsa/Diff-Quik
• Gram stain
• Acid fast stain

Question 15

Bacteria requires what two elements in large amounts

Answer 15

• Carbon

- Nitrogen

Question 16

Peptones provide bacteria with what?

Answer 16

Nitrogen, phosphate, sulfate, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and iron

Question 17

Obligate anaerobes live by

Answer 17

Fermentation, anaerobic respiration, photosynthesis, methanogenesis, and chemosynthesis

Question 18

Facultative anaerobes/aerobes

Answer 18

Can switch between aerobic respiration and fermentation

Question 19

Microaerophiles

Answer 19

Non-fermenters, require some O2 but are killed by high concentrations

Question 20

Canophiles

Answer 20

Grows best with a CO2 enriched environment

Question 21

Three ways to culture

Answer 21

• Agar
• Broth
• Biochemical testing

Question 22

Three types of agar

Answer 22

• Nutrient media
• Selective media
• Differential media

Question 23

Two types of broth

Answer 23

• Nutrient broth

- Enrichment broth

Question 24

Two types of biochemical testing

Answer 24

• Enzymes

- Fermentation

Question 25

Three types of basic nutrient media agar

Answer 25

- Tryptocase soy agar - Luria Bertani agar - Mueller-Hinton agar

Question 26

Three types of enriched nutrient media agar

Answer 26

- Blood agar - Chocolate agar - Lysed-blood agar

Question 27

Three types of selective media agar and what they select for

Answer 27

- PEA: gram positive - SabDex: fungi - Antibiotics: resistant organisms

Question 28

MAC agar selects for

Answer 28

- Gram negative | - Lactose fermentation

Question 29

MSA agar selects for

Answer 29

- Gram positive | - Mannitol fermentation

Question 30

4 types of molecular diagnostics

Answer 30

- Nucleic acid multiplex or microarrays - MALDI-Toff - 16S ribosomal RNA PCR - Real-time PCR

Question 31

What is the gold standard for bacterial ID and classification

Answer 31

16S ribosomal RNA PCR

Question 32

What uses serology to detect a specific anitgen or antibody

Answer 32

ELISA

Question 33

Testing anitibiotic resistance is based on

Answer 33

Minimum inhibitory concentration