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First Semester: Principles of Infectious Disease > Lecture 16: Zoonotic Diseases > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Zoonotic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Life cycle of taenia solium

A
  1. Porcine cysticercosis
    - Pigs eat eggs
    - Cysts in muscle
  2. Human taeniasis
    - Humans eat cysts in pork
    - Adult tapeworm in GIT
    - Not much pathology
  3. Human cysticercosis
    - Humans eat eggs
    - Cysts in brain
    - Neurocysticercosis
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2
Q

Neurocysticercosis in taenia solium

A
  • Larvae encyst in brain
  • Death in 50-80% w/o treatment
  • Leading cause of seizure epilepsy in developing world
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3
Q

What drugs control seizures caused by neurocysticercosis

A
  • Albendazole
  • Praziquel
  • Control in 80-90% of cases
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4
Q

Reservoirs of taenia solium

A
  • Primary: people

- Intermediate: pigs

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5
Q

Taeniasis transmission to people

A

Eating undercooked infected pork

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6
Q

Neurocytosis transmission to people

A
  • Self infection
  • Faecal contam. from another person with an intestinal infection
  • Consuming for or water contaminated with T. solium eggs
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7
Q

Prevention of human taeniasis

A

Target the vehicle

  • Meat inspection
  • Proper cooking and handling of raw pork (education)
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8
Q

Meat inspection only detects ____% of infested carcasses

A

50

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9
Q

Three ways to prevent human neurocysticercosis

A
  • Block transmission (hand washing)
  • Target the vehicle (sewage management)
  • Target the reservoir (treat people with infections)
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10
Q

Prevention of swine cysticercosis

A

Target the vehicle (human sewage)

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11
Q

Giardia reservoir

A

many species

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12
Q

Transmission of giardia

A
  • Consuming cysts
  • Water most common
  • Surface contamination of food
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13
Q

Prevention of giardia

A
  • Water treatment (filtering)
  • Sewage treatment, prevent contamination of irrigation water
  • Wash or peel veggies and fruits
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14
Q

Two viral zoonotic diseases

A
  • Rabies

- Hentavirus

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15
Q

Rabies

A
  • Acute, progressive, encephalomyelitis
  • Case fatality is highest of any conventional infectious disease
  • One of the oldest described diseases
  • Leading viral zoonosis in dual public health
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16
Q

Rabies is caused by RNA viruses in the family _____ and genus ______.

A

Rhabdoviridiae

Lyssavirus

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17
Q

Rabies host

A
  • Most mammals are susceptible

- All reservoirs and vectors, not all vectors are reservoirs

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18
Q

Principle reservoirs of rabies

A

Carnivora

  • Skunks
  • Canids
  • Raccoons
  • Mongooses

Chiroptera
-Bats

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19
Q

Two forms of rabies

A

Furious

Dumb

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20
Q

Distribution of rabies

A

-All continents except antarctica

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21
Q

Rabies in the carribean

A

Caribbean mongoose

  • Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada
  • Evidence of bat rabies on Cuba, Grenada, and Trinidad
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22
Q

More than ______ human rabies deaths are estimated per year

A

50,000

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23
Q

Public health prevention for rabies

A
  • Surveillance
  • Reduce animal reservoir (vaccinations of domestics and wildlife)
  • Reduce human risk (post-exposure procedures, vaccination of at risk individuals, education)
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24
Q

Where has dog rabies virus transmission has been eliminated where?

A

US

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25
Q

Bunyaviridae: Hantavirus

A

Enveloped ssRNA viruses

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26
Q

As a genus, distributed

A

world-wide

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27
Q

Reservoir of hantavirus

A

Rodents

Typically sylvantic but can infect pets

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28
Q

Rodent symptoms with hantavirus

A

asymptomatic

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29
Q

Rodents shed virus in

A

saliva, urine, feces

30
Q

Transmission of hantavirus is primarily

A

Aerosol:

  • Inhalation of viruses in urine or feces
  • Virus survives for weeks in most bedding under cool conditions; susceptible to desiccation
  • Transmission can be direct or indirect
31
Q

Secondary transmission of hantavirus

A

Via bite

32
Q

Severity of hantavirus in humans depends

A

On the species of the virus

33
Q

Two clinical signs of hantavirus in humans

A
  • Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

- Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

34
Q

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

A
  • “New world” US disease
  • Fever, chills, myalgia, headache
  • Increased vascular permeability in the lungs
  • Fatal 40% of human cases
35
Q

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

A
  • “Old world” disease

- Petechial hemmorhage, renal damage, and cardiovascular shock=fatal up to 15% of cases

36
Q

Risk factors for human transmission of hantavirus

A

Human rodent contact

  • Increased rodent density
  • People who work with rodents
37
Q

Prevention of hantavirus

A

Reduce human exposure

38
Q

Two types of zoonotic bacterial diseases

A

Anthrax

Brucellosis

39
Q

Why can anthrax survive for years?

A

Spore forming bacteria

40
Q

Anthrax affects herbivores who get spores by

A

ingesting spores in soil while grazing

41
Q

Anthrax affects carnivores who get spores by

A

eating infected herbivores

42
Q

All species get anthrax by

A

inhaling the spores in aerosolized soil or other soil or other contaminated from other contaminated fomites (Wool sorter’s disease)

43
Q

How do veterinarians get anthrax

A

Aerosol or percutaneous exposure to blood from infected animals

44
Q

Most veterinary cases of anthrax are seen in

A

cattle

45
Q

Cattle anthrax

A
  • Bleeding from all orifices
  • Swelling
  • Sudden death
46
Q

Anthrax control from vets

A
  • No necropsy on suspected cases
  • Animal vaccination
  • Burn infected carcasses or bury in quick lime
  • Inform health officials
47
Q

Doctors and public health for anthrax

A
  • Work with vets
  • Evaluate people post exposure
  • Advise people to wash hands, then iodine solution immersion
48
Q

What strain of brucellosis is most pathogenic to people

A

Brucella melitenis

49
Q

What other animals does Brucellosis melitenis affect, and where is it mostly found

A
  • Goats, sheep, caribou, reindeer, pigs dogs

- In Mediterranean and other intensive goat farming regions

50
Q

What is the second most pathogenic strain of Brucellosis in people

A

Brucellosis abortus

51
Q

What other animals does Brucellosis abortus affect, and where is it mostly found

A
  • Cattle, bison, buffalo, elk, horses, dogs

- World-wide

52
Q

What two strains of Brucellosis are less pathogenic in people

A

Brucella suis

Brucella canis

53
Q

Brucellosis symptoms

A
  • Recurring fever, can last for months
  • Abortions can occur if pregnant
  • Pleiomorphic symptoms (neurologic, endocarditis, possibly chronic fatigue)
  • Difficult to diagnos without a good index of suspicion
54
Q

Brucellosis is also called

A
  • Undulant fever
  • Malta fever
  • Bangs disease
55
Q

Transmission of Brucella

A

Ingestion, mucous membrane exposure, or percutaneous inoculation

  • Aborted placenta, fetus, fetal fluids
  • Unpasteurized milk
  • Blood, urine, semen, feces, and vaginal secretions
  • Feed/water contaminated with the above materials
56
Q

Controlling Brucella

A
  • Eliminate animal reservoir
  • Monitor swine
  • Reduce public exposure through pasteurization of milk
57
Q

Two types of vector-borne zoonotic diseases

A
  • Borreliosis

- West nile disease

58
Q

How are Borrelia species transmitted

A

tick-transmitted spirochetes

59
Q

Borrelia spp disease potential, geography, and reservoirs

A
  • All have potential to cause chronic disease
  • All have extensive geographical distribution
  • All exist mostly in wildlife and occasionally spill over into pets and humans
60
Q

Two types of Borrelia cause zoonotic diseases:

A
  • Lyme disease = hard ticks

- Relapsing fever type = soft ticks

61
Q

Lyme disease is vectored by… and reservoired by…

A

lxodes spp hard ticks

Sylvatic rodents and some lizards (NOT deer)

62
Q

Lyme disease in people, dogs, and horses

A 
Acute:
-Febrile illness
-Myalgia
-Sometimes arthralgia
-Possibly a bulls-eye rash
Chronic
-Cardiovascular
-Neurological
-Joints
63
Q

For lyme disease, ticks must be attached for how long to transmit disease?

A

> 48 hours

64
Q

West Nile genus

A

flavivirus

65
Q

WNV is maintained through what cycle

A

Mosquito-bird-mosquito

  • Primarily through Culex spp mosquito
  • Birds maintain viremia for 1-4 days post exposure
66
Q

WNV mortality in birds

A
  • Most survive
  • Has been detected in dead birds of >317 species
  • Mortality mostly in crows, jays, ect.
67
Q

WNV is primarily spread through

A

Bite of infected mosquitoes

No evidence that human infection occurs in handling ill or dead birds

68
Q

WNV in humans and horses

A

Dead-end hosts

69
Q

After infection with WNV,

A

host develops a lifelong immunity

70
Q

Secondary transmission of WNV

A

Through bloodborne infection, lab exposure, breast milk

71
Q

Clinical signs of WNV in horses

A

-Neurologic: ataxa, hypermetria, weakness, peri- or tetraparesis, recumbency death

72
Q

Clinical signs of WNV in people

A
  • Most (80%) are asymptomatic
  • 20% develop a mild ferbrile illness
  • 1/150 develop neuroinvasive disease (people >50 have highest risk and 10% of these are fatal)

First Semester: Principles of Infectious Disease (22 decks)

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