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Bio chem > Lecture 18 - Cancer > Flashcards

Lecture 18 - Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

Mutations can occur

A

in any cell

Germline
Somatic

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2
Q

Germline mutation

A

Inherited, passed to next gen

gametes (egg or sperm cells)

eg born errors of metabolism

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3
Q

Somatic mutation

A

in other cells (except gamete)

not passed on

result in cancer

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4
Q

what mutation can result in cancer?

A

somatic

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5
Q

How many cells make up human body?

A

37.2 trillion cells

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6
Q

Human cells

A

grow, divide, renew

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7
Q

what is Cancer?

A

collection of related diseases and can start anywhere in body.

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8
Q

Cancer cells

A

no longer respond to signals that control cellular growth and death.

Over time cells become increasingly resistant to controls that maintain normal tissue — and divide more rapidly.

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9
Q

Despite multiple abnormalities, What do cancer cells evade?

A

programmed cell death.

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10
Q

In the late stages of cancer, cells…

A

break through normal tissue boundaries and metastasize

(spread) to new sites in body.

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11
Q

what underlies the development of cancer?

A

Multiple mutations

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12
Q

Cancer is the result of an accumulation of

A

mutations.

Most associated with DNA replication.

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13
Q

why does the incidence of cancer greatly increases with age?

A

The more times a cell divides, more likely it to gain a mutation -

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14
Q

How many genes encode proteins that normally regulate cell growth and division?

A

Hundred

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15
Q

What can lead to cancer?

A

Mutations that alter genes that regulate cell growth and division in somatic cells.

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16
Q

Mutations may be

A

Spontaneous (occur by chance)

Exposure to mutagen (Carcinogen)

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17
Q

what are the 2 types of genes that can cause cancer when mutated?

A

Tumor suppressor genes

Onco-genes

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18
Q

Car analogy
Car is…
Brake is…
Accelerator is…

A

cell proliferation/growth

Tumor suppressor genes

Onco-genes

19
Q

Brake pedal are Tumor suppressor genes

A

Encode proteins that normally prevent uncontrolled cell growth e.g
• proteins that inhibit cell division
• Prevent other mutations (DNA repair enzymes)

20
Q

Lack of Tumor suppressor genes

A

stimulate cell growth

  • i.e. recessive mutations promote cancer
21
Q

Accelerator are Onco-genes

A

Encode proteins that promote cell growth (cell division)

Cancer mutations increase activity of these genes.

Dominant mutations promote cancer

22
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

mutations that decrease gene activity cause cancer

23
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

Signal for cell division results in…

A

E2F transcription factor
going to nucleus.

Cell division genes can be expressed.

24
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

What cause activation of the
E2F transcription factor?

A

Loss of function mutation in RB gene.

AND

Loss of function mutation in p16 gene

25
Q

Oncogenes

A

result from mutations that increase gene activity.

26
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

a normal gene that when mutated can promote uncontrolled cell growth.

27
Q

Oncogenes

What Increased cell growth?

A

Mutations that imcrrease transcription

Mutations that increase protein activity

Chromosomal changes (Gene duplications, Translocation)

28
Q

Oncogenes
Region controlling amount transcription…
Mutations that increase transcription…

A

Alter control region

Normal growth stimulating protein in excess

Increase cell growth

29
Q

Oncogenes
Protein coding region…
Mutations that increase
protein activity…

A

A protein that is always active or is not degraded.

Increase cell growth.

30
Q

Chromosomal changes

A

Gene duplications

and

Translocation
New control region
Increase cell growth

31
Q

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia example of how

A

oncogene and tumor suppressor mutations lead to cancer

32
Q

Leukemia is a group of

A

blood cancers that

begin in bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal blood cells.

33
Q

blasts or leukemia cells.

A

abnormal blood cells that are not fully developed.

34
Q

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia are

A

Mutations that cause blood cells in bone marrow to keep dividing.

results high number of leukemia cells that are not fully developed.

35
Q

BCR gene + ABL gene

A

Philadelphia Translocation chromosome BCR - ABL gene (Oncogene gene)

Protein always active

36
Q

Normal ABL protein needs

A

a cellular signal to activate it to promote cell division.

And Tyrosine Kinase.

37
Q

Does BCR-ABL oncogene protein need a signal to promote cell division?

A

No

38
Q

Genetic Predisposition

inherited mutations

A

increase chance of cancer

39
Q

Inherited (germline) mutation

A

a tumor suppressor gene

40
Q

Cancer treatments

A
  • Surgery
  • Radiation therapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Targeted therapy
41
Q

Surgery

A

remove cancer cells

42
Q

Radiation therapy

A

targeted radiation to kill cancer cells

43
Q

Chemotherapy

A

uses drugs that target dividing cells as cancer cells grow and divide rapidly – but it also affects normal cells.

Mercaptopurine – DNA base inhibits with enzymes that make dATP and dGTP nucleotides.

Adenine DNA base

44
Q

Targeted therapy

A

drugs that target changes in cancer cell that allow them grow and divided.

Gleevac inhibits kinase activity BCR - ABL

Bio chem (36 decks)

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