Lecture 15 - How do genes make cell?

Question 1

Different cells in body are

Answer 1

Brain cells
Heart muscle cells
RBC
Fat cells
Nerve cells

Question 2

A cell must

Answer 2

Respond to environment
Make and break molecules
Generate energy
Maintain itself

Question 3

Typical human cell has

Answer 3

50% protein
40% lipids
10% carbohydrates

Question 4

Cell made of

Answer 4

building blocks

Question 5

Building blocks

Answer 5

Carbon chains
Sugars
Amino acids
Sugar + base

Question 6

Building blocks make

Answer 6

Macromolecules

Question 7

Macromolecules

Answer 7

Lipids
Complex carb
Proteins
Nucleic acid (RNA / DNA)

Question 8

Supramolecular assemblies

Answer 8

Membranes
Ribosomes
Chromosomes

Question 9

Organelles

Answer 9

Nucleus
Golgi
ER
Mitochondria

Question 10

DNA (and mRNA) have instructions to make

Answer 10

proteins and enzymes

Question 11

What is key to life?

Answer 11

Regulation

Respond to environment
Make and break molecules
Generate energy
Maintain itself

Question 12

Glycolysis

Answer 12

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvate

Glucose (respond to enviro)
Glucokinase (break glucokinase)
Glucose 6 Phosphate 
Generate energy
Pyruvate

Question 13

Central Dogma

Answer 13

Transcription - Transcriptional control
RNA processing and stability
Translation - Translational control
Protein process
Protein - Protein activity and stability

Question 14

Transcriptional control

Answer 14

Determines when and in what cells a gene is transcribed to produce mRNA.

Question 15

What is the 1st step to determine how many individual proteins are made in a cell?

Answer 15

Transcriptional control

Question 16

Why is a brain cell different from a heart cell?

Answer 16

1,000 to 2,000 genes are unique to a specific cell type

Question 17

Transcription

Answer 17

Process where a DNA sequence is copied (transcribed) into an RNA
molecule.

Question 18

A gene is said to be what when transcribes?

Answer 18

Turned on
or
expressed

Question 19

If a gene does get transcribed, it is used

Answer 19

to make a protein (expressed).

Question 20

If a gene is not transcribed in a cell..

Answer 20

Can’t be used to make a protein in that cell

Question 21

Pancreatic b cell

Insulin gene

Answer 21

Transcription
Translation
Insulin

Question 22

Pancreatic b cell

Glycogen synthase gene

Answer 22

won’ t make protein

Insulin

Question 23

Liver cell

Insulin gene

Answer 23

No protein made

Question 24

Liver cell

Glycogen synthase gene

Answer 24

Transcription
Translation
GS synthase

Question 25

How many bp of DNA in gene?

Answer 25

3.2 billion

Question 26

What are Transcription factors?

Answer 26

protein binding to a specific
DNA sequence and control the rate of transcription (DNA
to RNA).

Question 27

What are key elements of a gene?

Answer 27

Regulatory regions

Transcribed region

Question 28

Promoter

Answer 28

DNA sequence at which transcription factors bind and recruit RNA Polymerase.

Question 29

Regulatory regions

Answer 29

Promoter

Determines if and how much a gene is transcribed

contains short sequences that transcription factors bind to.

Question 30

Transcribed region

Answer 30

Sequences of DNA that are

copied into RNA (transcribed).

Question 31

The transcribed RNA (pre-mRNA) is processed so..

Answer 31

it can be translated (e.g. intron sequences are removed - splice).

Question 32

gene is only expressed when both

Answer 32

activator transcription factors are present

and the repressor is absent.