Lecture 18 Flashcards
Why don’t we use cortisol to measure during exercise?
Changes a lot during the day
Affected by many other factors
Hard to measure
What is the HbA1c used for?
Indicator of the last 3 months of your diabetic state
What does it mean when you have high plasma glucose levels? concrètement
Blood is not going/being absorbed where it is supposed to (resistance)
One of the major problem on long-term high blood glucose (eye)
Blind because diabetes causes damage to the vessels of the eye - no more blood flow = restriction and damage
T or F: muscle contraction helps for the glucose to enter in the organs so being inactive is one of the cause of type 2 diabetes
TRUE
Advice t ogive to people that have type 1 diabetic
Don’t take insulin before exercise (leads to hypoglycemia)
Take glucose before running (prevents hypoglycemia)
Avoid exercise in the evening (less production so avoid utilization)
Sprint in the last minute (HIIT) to have the spike + eat a snack
Is BMI a good practice?
Not reliable measurement but very convenient/easy to do for large sample and size/cost-efficient
Which is more representative of the health risk for obesity: quantity or distribution of fat?
Distribution (apple vs pear shape)
Gynoid
Pear shaped
Android
Apple shaped
Studies show that __% of fat is risky for osteoporosis
13%
What are the 2 ways to improve bone density?
Mechanical
Hormonal
What is the link between bone density and irregular menstrual cycle?
Stopping the secretion of hormones that stimulate bones
Low %fat leads to a dysregulation of the hormonal levels (menopause too)
Most dangerous fat
Visceral - around the organs
What fat do we burn first?
we burn the fat that we store first so we don’t choose where we loose
Significant risk of CVD - waist circumference for men vs women
Men ≥ 94 cm
Women ≥ 80 cm
Definition of obesity
Excessive accumulation of body fat
What happens if you increase inflammation of adipocyte
Increase the risk of death/dysfunction/CVD on the long-term
Are fat cells bad or good?
Not bad, but a dysfunction of fat cell is where you see the problems
Possible measurements of fat mass (4)
BMI
SKin folds
Bio-impedance
DXA
What can influence the results of DXA? (3)
You have to be fasted
Water retention (scan sees it as lean mass)
High carbs diet 2-3 days prior will increase the lean mass
What is the change you can do to reduce your risk of obesity to almost 0?
EXERCISE
Name the consequences of obesity (8)
Type 2 diabetes
Dyslipidemia
Cancer risk
Mood disorders
Heart disease
Reproductive disorders
Liver disease
Hypertension
Link between mortality and BMI
Higher BMI correlates with higher mortality rate
General term for thickening of the arterial wall and loss of elasticity of the artery
Arteriosclerosis
Accumulation of lipids in the inner lumen of a blood vessel
Atherosclerosis
What happens during a myocardial infarction? simple
Blockage in an artery leading to muscle damage and stop the blood flow
What happens during a stroke (cerebrovascular accidents)? simple
Blockage in the blood vessels going up in the brain
Link between obesity and cognitive functions
Obesity associated with a decrease in cognitive functions
What is MHO?
Metabolically healthy but obese
Factors favoring the development of obesity
Food portions have increased
Use and advancement of technology
Poverty
Having an obese friend
The risk of obesity is ___ higher in children in daycare than children who are cared for at home
65%
The relationship between risk of obesity and immigration in the US - explain
Due to major change in diet - used to eat mom’s food now they go out and eat junk food (transformed)
Children eat ___ when they use bigger plates
MORE
Physiological factors and obesity (energy exp/insulin/bone density)
Energy expenditure is higher with BMI
Higher insulin secretion with higher BMI
Higher bone density (increase in mechanical stress) - but more risk of fx
Obese individuals seem to have __ taste buds on their tongue
FEWER
Why is it important to take our time when eating?
Lactin and gralin are appetite hormones so if you don’t give the brain enough time to get the message you end up eating more
2 consequences of pollutants
Type 2 diabetes
Obesity
Why do people that lost fat fast regain it even faster?
Your body sees the losing fat as a danger of starvation so the body stores it as fat for long-term so when you start eating calories after the diet it goes back up
Link between CVD and doing diets
Higher risk of CVD
Pollutants and weight loss
Obese people accumulation MORE pollutants in their fat tissues
Weight loss increase pollutants in the blood (lowers resting metabolism)
Why do you have more pollutants when you loose weight?
Because they are stored in the fat, so during loss they are exposed
Link between richness of microbiota and obesity
A low richness of microbiota (good bacteria) increase risk of obesity by increasing appetite and decreasing use of lipids
Link between fibers and obesity
Fibers help to nourish the good bacterias : they help with obesity
Do probiotics help with weight loss according to the research?
Yes and no so no consensus
