Lecture 18 Flashcards by Marilou Gélinas

Why don’t we use cortisol to measure during exercise?

Changes a lot during the day
Affected by many other factors
Hard to measure

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What is the HbA1c used for?

Indicator of the last 3 months of your diabetic state

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What does it mean when you have high plasma glucose levels? concrètement

Blood is not going/being absorbed where it is supposed to (resistance)

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One of the major problem on long-term high blood glucose (eye)

Blind because diabetes causes damage to the vessels of the eye - no more blood flow = restriction and damage

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T or F: muscle contraction helps for the glucose to enter in the organs so being inactive is one of the cause of type 2 diabetes

TRUE

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Advice t ogive to people that have type 1 diabetic

Don’t take insulin before exercise (leads to hypoglycemia)
Take glucose before running (prevents hypoglycemia)
Avoid exercise in the evening (less production so avoid utilization)
Sprint in the last minute (HIIT) to have the spike + eat a snack

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Is BMI a good practice?

Not reliable measurement but very convenient/easy to do for large sample and size/cost-efficient

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Which is more representative of the health risk for obesity: quantity or distribution of fat?

Distribution (apple vs pear shape)

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Gynoid

Pear shaped

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Android

Apple shaped

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Studies show that __% of fat is risky for osteoporosis

13%

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What are the 2 ways to improve bone density?

Mechanical
Hormonal

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What is the link between bone density and irregular menstrual cycle?

Stopping the secretion of hormones that stimulate bones
Low %fat leads to a dysregulation of the hormonal levels (menopause too)

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Most dangerous fat

Visceral - around the organs

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What fat do we burn first?

we burn the fat that we store first so we don’t choose where we loose

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Significant risk of CVD - waist circumference for men vs women

Men ≥ 94 cm
Women ≥ 80 cm

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Definition of obesity

Excessive accumulation of body fat

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What happens if you increase inflammation of adipocyte

Increase the risk of death/dysfunction/CVD on the long-term

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Are fat cells bad or good?

Not bad, but a dysfunction of fat cell is where you see the problems

Possible measurements of fat mass (4)

BMI
SKin folds
Bio-impedance
DXA

What can influence the results of DXA? (3)

You have to be fasted
Water retention (scan sees it as lean mass)
High carbs diet 2-3 days prior will increase the lean mass

What is the change you can do to reduce your risk of obesity to almost 0?

EXERCISE

Name the consequences of obesity (8)

Type 2 diabetes
Dyslipidemia
Cancer risk
Mood disorders
Heart disease
Reproductive disorders
Liver disease
Hypertension

Link between mortality and BMI

Higher BMI correlates with higher mortality rate

General term for thickening of the arterial wall and loss of elasticity of the artery

Arteriosclerosis

Accumulation of lipids in the inner lumen of a blood vessel

Atherosclerosis

What happens during a myocardial infarction? simple

Blockage in an artery leading to muscle damage and stop the blood flow

What happens during a stroke (cerebrovascular accidents)? simple

Blockage in the blood vessels going up in the brain

Link between obesity and cognitive functions

Obesity associated with a decrease in cognitive functions

What is MHO?

Metabolically healthy but obese

Factors favoring the development of obesity

Food portions have increased Use and advancement of technology Poverty Having an obese friend

The risk of obesity is ___ higher in children in daycare than children who are cared for at home

65%

The relationship between risk of obesity and immigration in the US - explain

Due to major change in diet - used to eat mom's food now they go out and eat junk food (transformed)

Children eat ___ when they use bigger plates

Physiological factors and obesity (energy exp/insulin/bone density)

Energy expenditure is higher with BMI Higher insulin secretion with higher BMI Higher bone density (increase in mechanical stress) - but more risk of fx

Obese individuals seem to have __ taste buds on their tongue

FEWER

Why is it important to take our time when eating?

Lactin and gralin are appetite hormones so if you don't give the brain enough time to get the message you end up eating more

2 consequences of pollutants

Type 2 diabetes Obesity

Why do people that lost fat fast regain it even faster?

Your body sees the losing fat as a danger of starvation so the body stores it as fat for long-term so when you start eating calories after the diet it goes back up

Link between CVD and doing diets

Higher risk of CVD

Pollutants and weight loss

Obese people accumulation MORE pollutants in their fat tissues Weight loss increase pollutants in the blood (lowers resting metabolism)

Why do you have more pollutants when you loose weight?

Because they are stored in the fat, so during loss they are exposed

Link between richness of microbiota and obesity

A low richness of microbiota (good bacteria) increase risk of obesity by increasing appetite and decreasing use of lipids

Link between fibers and obesity

Fibers help to nourish the good bacterias : they help with obesity

Do probiotics help with weight loss according to the research?

Yes and no so no consensus