Lecture 17

Question 1

What is the name of the receptor needed to get glucose in the liver?

Answer 1

Glut2

Question 1

What are the name of the receptor needed to get the glucose in the muscle?

Answer 1

Glut4

Question 2

What molecule does the opposite of insulin and why do we not talk about it a lot?

Answer 2

Glucagon - because we eat so much that glucagon’s action is rarely needed

Question 3

Name the stored version of glucose

Answer 3

Glycogen

Question 4

What is the glycemic index?

Answer 4

How fast the food/drink will get your glucose to raise

Question 5

Compare chocolat vs rice for their glycemic index

Answer 5

Chocolate has high GI - fast absorption but does not last long
Rice has a lower GI - but last longer

Question 6

Glycolysis meaning

Answer 6

Process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy

Question 7

Glycogenolysis meaning

Answer 7

Glycogen breaks down into glucose-1-phosphate and glucose

Question 8

Glycogenesis meaning

Answer 8

Glycogen production

Question 9

When does glycogen synthase happens?

Answer 9

Following a meal

Question 10

When does glycogen phosphorylase happen?

Answer 10

During exercise to breakdown glycogen to use it

Question 11

At rest, which of glycogenolysis or glycogenesis is used the most?

Answer 11

Glycogenesis to bring glucose and store it at glycogen

Question 12

During exercise, which of glycogenolysis or glycogenesis is used the most?

Answer 12

Glycogenolysis to use the glycogen stored and break it down

Question 13

Lactate is the end product of what process?

Answer 13

Glycolysis

Question 14

Does lactic acid cause cramps?

Answer 14

Cramps can occur with an accumulation but no cause-and-effect relationship

Question 15

What could be the origin of cramps?

Answer 15

Could be a hydro-electrolytic imbalance that may cause neuro-muscular hyperexcitability

Question 16

Define muscle soreness

Answer 16

Muscular discomfort that occurs between 12-14h after physical exertion

Question 17

Does lactic acid cause muscle soreness? why

Answer 17

NO - lactate is metabolized passively in 1h30 or actively in 20 minutes

Question 18

Is lactate a waste product?

Answer 18

No - can be used for glycogenesis in the liver/kidneys
or can serve as substrate for muscles/heart/kidney

Question 19

What is the advantage that athletes have in lactate?

Answer 19

Athletes have a better capability of using high lactate quantity before being fatigued - greater increase in anaerobic metabolism

Question 20

Blood sugar =

Answer 20

plasma glucose levels

Question 21

Normal values in healthy subjects for blood sugar

Answer 21

Between 4.5mmol/l and 6.5mmol/l (0.8-1.2g/l)

Question 22

Blood sugar is regulated by 2 pancreatic hormones, name them

Answer 22

Glucagon and insulin

Question 23

What 2 things can we do to improve our blood sugar levels?

Answer 23

Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise)
Medications

Question 24

Two essential cells for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis

Answer 24

Beta cell produce insulin Alpha cell produce glucagon

Question 25

Can the liver manufacture glucose? explain

Answer 25

Yes, necessary glucose by using amino acids and lipid storage

Question 26

What factors increase vs decrease glucose?

Answer 26

Stress increase HIIT increase Low intensity decrease Insulin decrease Muscle contraction decrease?

Question 27

How do we measure stress?

Answer 27

Adrenaline and noradrenaline (epi or norepi) + cortisol

Question 28

During stress/high intensity, do you get an increase or a decrease in epi/norepi?

Answer 28

Spike = INCREASE Catecholamines

Question 29

Why does our blood sugar increase at high intensity?

Answer 29

GP higher than GU due to high levels of EPI/NOREPI and no insulin Producing more than using it

Question 30

Glucose levels during high intensity training (see slide 34)

Answer 30

Increase in nor/adrenaline will stop the secretion of insulin - will shock the body 7-8 fold to increase plasma glucose vs 3-4 fold utilization for muscle glucose uptake

Question 31

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 31

An impairment in the way the body regulates and uses glucose as fuel. Too much sugar circulating in the bloodstream

Question 32

What is type 2 diabetes caused by?

Answer 32

Insulin disorder Insulin resistance Linked with overweight/inactive/family history

Question 33

Observe slide 39 ppt 17

Answer 33

Good insulin vs bad insulin sensitivity

Question 34

What are the type 2 diabetes complications possible?

Answer 34

Damage blood vessels, nerves and organs