Lecture 17 Flashcards
What is the name of the receptor needed to get glucose in the liver?
Glut2
What are the name of the receptor needed to get the glucose in the muscle?
Glut4
What molecule does the opposite of insulin and why do we not talk about it a lot?
Glucagon - because we eat so much that glucagon’s action is rarely needed
Name the stored version of glucose
Glycogen
What is the glycemic index?
How fast the food/drink will get your glucose to raise
Compare chocolat vs rice for their glycemic index
Chocolate has high GI - fast absorption but does not last long
Rice has a lower GI - but last longer
Glycolysis meaning
Process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy
Glycogenolysis meaning
Glycogen breaks down into glucose-1-phosphate and glucose
Glycogenesis meaning
Glycogen production
When does glycogen synthase happens?
Following a meal
When does glycogen phosphorylase happen?
During exercise to breakdown glycogen to use it
At rest, which of glycogenolysis or glycogenesis is used the most?
Glycogenesis to bring glucose and store it at glycogen
During exercise, which of glycogenolysis or glycogenesis is used the most?
Glycogenolysis to use the glycogen stored and break it down
Lactate is the end product of what process?
Glycolysis
Does lactic acid cause cramps?
Cramps can occur with an accumulation but no cause-and-effect relationship
What could be the origin of cramps?
Could be a hydro-electrolytic imbalance that may cause neuro-muscular hyperexcitability
Define muscle soreness
Muscular discomfort that occurs between 12-14h after physical exertion
Does lactic acid cause muscle soreness? why
NO - lactate is metabolized passively in 1h30 or actively in 20 minutes
Is lactate a waste product?
No - can be used for glycogenesis in the liver/kidneys
or can serve as substrate for muscles/heart/kidney
What is the advantage that athletes have in lactate?
Athletes have a better capability of using high lactate quantity before being fatigued - greater increase in anaerobic metabolism
Blood sugar =
plasma glucose levels
Normal values in healthy subjects for blood sugar
Between 4.5mmol/l and 6.5mmol/l (0.8-1.2g/l)
Blood sugar is regulated by 2 pancreatic hormones, name them
Glucagon and insulin
What 2 things can we do to improve our blood sugar levels?
Lifestyle changes (diet, exercise)
Medications
Two essential cells for the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis
Beta cell produce insulin
Alpha cell produce glucagon
Can the liver manufacture glucose? explain
Yes, necessary glucose by using amino acids and lipid storage
What factors increase vs decrease glucose?
Stress increase
HIIT increase
Low intensity decrease
Insulin decrease
Muscle contraction decrease?
How do we measure stress?
Adrenaline and noradrenaline (epi or norepi) + cortisol
During stress/high intensity, do you get an increase or a decrease in epi/norepi?
Spike = INCREASE
Catecholamines
Why does our blood sugar increase at high intensity?
GP higher than GU due to high levels of EPI/NOREPI and no insulin
Producing more than using it
Glucose levels during high intensity training (see slide 34)
Increase in nor/adrenaline will stop the secretion of insulin - will shock the body
7-8 fold to increase plasma glucose vs 3-4 fold utilization for muscle glucose uptake
What is type 2 diabetes?
An impairment in the way the body regulates and uses glucose as fuel. Too much sugar circulating in the bloodstream
What is type 2 diabetes caused by?
Insulin disorder
Insulin resistance
Linked with overweight/inactive/family history
Observe slide 39 ppt 17
Good insulin vs bad insulin sensitivity
What are the type 2 diabetes complications possible?
Damage blood vessels, nerves and organs
