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Microbiology > Lecture 17: Viruses Part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Viruses Part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Virus to bacteria genetic transfer

A

Transduction

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2
Q

Virus therapeutic roles

A

-Phage therapy
-Genetic therapy
-Oncolytic viruses
-Vaccination

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3
Q

Obligatory intracellular pathogen

A

Can only replicate by infecting a host cell

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4
Q

Virus size

A

~20-300nm

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5
Q

Structure of a virus

A

•A protein shell-Capsid/capsomere/nucleocapsid (capsomere make up capsid)
•Generic material-RNA or DNA inside capsid

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6
Q

Viral proteins

A

-Structural proteins
-Regulatory proteins

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7
Q

Structural proteins

A

•Proteins that make up the viral capsids (the protective protein shell of the virus) & other structural components in the virion

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8
Q

Regulatory proteins

A

•Enzymes-polymerases, helicases
•Transcription factors
•Other proteins that influence host cell functions to make the environment more suitable for viral production

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9
Q

Example of a regulatory protein

A

T-antigen in polyomaviruses
-can cause cancer

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10
Q

Retrovirus proteins

A

-Matrix
-Capsid
-Nucleocapsid
-Protease
-Reverse transcriptase
-Integrase
-Surface glycoprotein
-Transmembrane protein

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11
Q

Morphology of viruses

A

-Helical viruses
-Polyhedral viruses
-Spherical viruses
-Complex viruses

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12
Q

Helical viruses examples

A

-Ebola
-Rabies
-Tobacco mosaic virus

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13
Q

Icosahedral (Polyhedral) examples

A

•20 sided
-HPV
-Poliovirus
-Adenovirus

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14
Q

Spherical virus example

A

-Coronavirus
-Influenza
-Measles

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15
Q

Complex virus

A

-Bacteriophage
-Variola virus

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16
Q

Viral infection strategies-patterns of infection

A

•Acute
•Chronic/Persistent
•Latent

17
Q

Acute infection

A

Rapid and self-limiting (Colds, norovirus)

18
Q

Persistent/chronic infection

A

Lasts for months to years, but are sometimes cleared (HIV, Hepatitis B)

19
Q

Latent infection

A

An extreme version of a persistent infection that remains dormant but can become reactivated (herpes, varicella-zoster virus)

20
Q

Viral lifecycle

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Entry/Trafficking
  3. Replication
  4. Assembly
  5. Release
21
Q

Goal of viral life cycle

A

Copy its genome
Translate its viral proteins

22
Q

Attachment

A

Viral attachment proteins on virus interact with specific molecules on the cell surface called viral receptors and co-receptors

23
Q

Tropism

A

Preferential targeting of a specific host species or cell type. This is determined by host cell factors (such as receptors)
-Receptors are the most important determinant of tropism

24
Q

Permissive

A

The ability of a virus to enter a host cell & complete an infection cycle

25
Q

Host range

A

Determined by specific host attachment sites and other cellular factors

26
Q

Influenza receptor expression

A

*Influenza uses sialic acid as a viral receptor
-Bird influenza uses α(2,3)-linked SA
-Human influenza uses α(2,6)-linked SA

27
Q

Entry

A

Steps required to bring viral cargo into the host cell

28
Q

Entry processes

A

•Endocytosis
•Fusion
•Penetration

29
Q

Entry processes part 2

A

•Trafficking
-Movement of the virus from the surface to the site of replication (Microtubules often help shuttle the virus)
•Endosomal escape
•Uncoating
-Disassembly of the virus to be able to release genetic material

30
Q

Replication

A

•Making copies of the viral genome
-Can either use host or viral enzymes to facilitate this, depending on the virus

31
Q

Linnaeus taxonomy of Viruses

A

•Family names end in -viridae
•Genus names end in -virus
•Species
-A group of viruses that share the same genetic information and ecological niche (host)
•Subspecies are designated by a number

32
Q

Multiplication of DNA virus

A
  1. Virion attaches to host cell
  2. Virion enters cell, and its DNA is uncoated
  3. A portion of viral DNA is transcribed, producing mRNA that encodes “early” viral proteins
  4. Viral DNA is replicated, and some viral proteins are made
  5. Late translation; capsid proteins are synthesized
  6. Virions mature
  7. Virions released

Microbiology (13 decks)

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