Lecture 1

Question 1

Three domains of life

Answer 1

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 2

Characteristics of prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea)

Answer 2

-Unicellular
-No true nucleus
-No membrane bound organelles
-Circular chromosome

Question 3

Characteristics of bacteria

Answer 3

-Diverse metabolisms
*Energy from organics, inorganics, or photosynthesis
-peptidoglycan cell walls
-Lack introns
-sensitive to antibiotics

Question 4

Characteristics of Archaea

Answer 4

-Unique lipid membrane and cell wall
-Antibiotics don’t kill
-Some have introns and histones
-Live in extreme environments (extremophiles)
*methanogens
*extremem halophiles
*extreme thermophiles

Question 5

Characteristics of Archaea

Answer 5

-no peptidoglycan
-Unique lipid membrane and cell wall
-Antibiotics don’t kill
-Some have introns and histones
-Live in extreme environments (extremophiles)
*Methanogens
*Extreme halophiles
*Extreme thermophiles

Question 6

Characteristics of Eukarya

Answer 6

-Plants, animals, fungi, protists
-Early eukaryotes were unicellular. Most still are.
-Appeared two billion years ago
-Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosomes (mitosis)

Question 7

Fungi

Answer 7

-Chitin cell walls
-Use organic chemicals for energy
-multicellular (Molds and mushrooms)
-Yeasts are unicellular

Question 8

Protists

Answer 8

-Unicellular eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants
*protozoa are animal-like
*protophyta are plant-like (algae)
*slime molds are fungal like

Question 9

Multicellular animal parasites

Answer 9

-parasitic flatworms and roundworms are called helminths

Question 10

Acellular microbes

Answer 10

-Virus
-Prion

Question 11

The six characteristics common to living organisms

Answer 11

-Made of cells
-Obtain and use energy
-Grow and develop
-Reproduce
-Respond and adapt to their environment
-Eliminate waste

Question 12

Virus

Answer 12

-Acellular
-Obligate intracellular parasite
-Replicate only when they are inside a living host cell
-Protein shell with genetic material
*DNA or RNA
*Lipid envelop or naked

Question 13

Prions

Answer 13

-PROteinaceous INfectious particles
-Misfolding of a protein called PrP creates plaques in brain tissue

Question 14

Miasma

Answer 14

Idea that disease comes from
Bad wind

Question 15

Germ theory

Answer 15

Microorganisms cause many diseases

Question 16

Girolamo Fracastoro

Answer 16

Proposed that epidemic disease are caused by transferable seed-like entities

Question 17

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 17

-Created first microscope
-found animalcules (microorganisms)

Question 18

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 18

Austrian doctor who suggested hand-washing before delivering babies

Question 19

John Snow

Answer 19

Father of epidemiology

Question 20

Spontaneous generation

Answer 20

Living things arise from non living matter

Question 21

Biogenesis

Answer 21

Living organisms arise from preexisting life

Question 22

Louis Pasteur

Answer 22

-Discovered that microbes are present in air
-used S-shaped flask
-vaccines
-Pasteurization
Microbes are responsible for fermentation

Question 23

Joseph Lister

Answer 23

Used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections
-Carbolic acid (phenol)

Question 24

Robert Koch

Answer 24

-The germ theory of disease
-Koch’s postulate

Question 25

Koch’s Postulates

Answer 25

1.The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals.
2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture.
3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal.
4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original.

Question 26

Covid

Answer 26

-1.19 million deaths in the United States
-6.96 million global estimate
-Might be as high as 12-22 million total deaths

Question 27

Classic epidemiological Theory

Answer 27

Disease occurs as the result of forces within a dynamic system consisting of the agent of infection, the host, and the environment