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Histology > Lecture 17 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the complications of kidney failure? (7)

A
  1. Anemia
  2. Fluid Retention
  3. Hypertension
  4. Hyperkalemia
  5. Hypocalcemia
  6. Azotemia (high blood nitrogen and creatinine)
  7. Proteinuria
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2
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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3
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Tuft of capillaries

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4
Q

What type of cells make up the parietal layer of the renal corpuscle?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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5
Q

Where does glomerular filtrate enter?

A

Capsular Space

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6
Q

What happens in the glomerulus?

A

Filtration

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7
Q

To go from the plasma of the glomerulus to bowman’s space, which structure does water and solutes cross?

A
  1. Endothelial layer of the glomerular capillaries (btwn the cells or through the cells)
  2. Glomeruluar basement membrane
  3. Visceral layer of bowman’s capsule (between the cells)
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8
Q

What makes up the glomerular basement membrane?

A

Lamina Lucida - Densa - Lucida

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9
Q

How does filtration membrane prevent proteins and cells from being filtered?

A

Size Selective and Charge Selective Barrier

size selective has predominant role

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10
Q

How will a mutation in type IV collagen effect filtrate in bowmans capsule?

A

Filtrate will have a higher percentage of protein

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11
Q

What are mesangial cells?

A
  1. They are contractile and phagocytic cells
  2. Remove trapped residues from the glomerular basement membrane and filtration slit diaphragm
  3. Structural support for glomerular capillaries or podocytes
  4. Help regulate blood flow in the glomerular ccapillaries
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12
Q

Where does blood go when it leaves the glomerulus?

A

Out the efferent

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13
Q

What is the name of the capillaries that surround the loops of henle in the medulla?

A

Vasa Recta

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14
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule functions

A
  1. All glucose and amino acids are resorbed
  2. 2/3rds salt and water resorbed
  3. Organic acids and bases are secreted into the tubule (peritubular capillary)
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15
Q

Distal Convoluted tubule

A
  1. About 5% salt is reabsorbed

2. Parathyroid hormone increases Ca2+ reabsorption

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16
Q

How can you differentiate the PCT and the DCT?

A

PCT has larger cells, many microvilli, more eosinophilic

DCT has smaller cells, sparse microvilli, less eosinophilic

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17
Q

What are the three limbs of the Loop of Henle?

A
  • thin descending
  • thin ascending
  • thick ascending
18
Q

What are the difference betwen the thin and thick limbs of the loop of henle?

A
  • location in the nephron

- what they reabsorb

19
Q

What does the thin descending limb reabsorb?

A
  • Water which diffuses through aquaporin channels
20
Q

What does the thin ascending limb reabsorb?

A
  • Passive diffusion of Na and Cl

- Impermeable to water

21
Q

What does the thick ascending limb reabsorb?

A
  • Active transport of Na, Cl, K (20-25%)

- Impermeable to water

22
Q

What kind of cells are found in the thin limbs of the loop of henle?

A

simple squamous

23
Q

What kind of cells are found in the thick limb of the loop of henle?

A

simple cuboidal

24
Q

How can you tell the difference between the thick ascending limb and the collecting duct?

A

The cells of the collecting duck are more columnar and stain lighter.

25
Q

What is the function of the collecting duct?

A
  • Aldosterone and Antidiuretic Hormone highly regulate Na (in), K (out), and Water
  • reabsorb little salt but controls everything
26
Q

Why is the loop of Henle structured the way it is and why is it located in the medulla with the collecting duct?

A

Enables you to produce concentrated or dilute urine depending on ADH

27
Q

What occurs with a lot of ADH?

A
  • Reabsorb water

- concentrate urine

28
Q

What occurs with no ADH?

A
  • no water reabsorption

- dilute urine

29
Q

What do juxtaglomerular cells do?

A

secrete renin, alter blood pressure

30
Q

What kind of muscle is in the afferetn arteriole?

A

Smooth Muscle

31
Q

What are the extraglomerular mesangial cells called?

A

Lacis cells

32
Q

What does the macula densa do?

A

senses the amount of NaCl in the distal tubule

33
Q

What is the process of urine production?

A
  • Glomerular filtrate
  • starts in capsular space
  • modified in the tubule
  • ends in the collecting duct
  • urine
34
Q

What type of epithelium is the urothelium?

A

Transitional

35
Q

What is the purpose of the muscularis layer of the ureter?

A

When it contracts it transports urine to the bladder

36
Q

How many layers of smooth muscle are in the muscularis layer?

A

3

37
Q

What will cause urination?

A
  • contraction of the detrusor

- relaxation of the trigone

38
Q

What are uroplakins?

A

rigid appearing membrane plaques on the luminal surface of the bladder epithelium

39
Q

What is the advantage of the urothelial plaques?

A

designed to provide protection from toxic and hypotonic urine

40
Q

What tissue types make up the urethra?

A
  • urothelium
  • stratified and pseudostratified columnar
  • stratified squamous

Histology (19 decks)

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