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Histology > Lecture 13- Digestive Tract > Flashcards

Lecture 13- Digestive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the Gastrointestinal system?

A
  • digestive tract

- associated glands

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2
Q

What makes up the digestive tract? (7)

A

1) oral cavity
2) esophagus
3) stomach
4) small intestine
5) large intestine
6) rectum
7) anus

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3
Q

What makes up the associated glands? (3)

A
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • pancreas
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4
Q

What is the general layout of the layers in the GI tract?

A
  • lumen
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa or adventitia
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5
Q

What makes up the mucosa in the GI tract?

A
  • epithelial layer
  • CT lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
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6
Q

What makes up the submucosa?

A

Connective tissue

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7
Q

What makes up the muscularis?

A

Smooth muscle, exception is skeletal muscle in esophagus

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8
Q

What makes up the serous or adventitia?

A
  • Ct

- Epithelial layer (only in serous layers)

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9
Q

What type of tissue is on the hard palate and gingiva made for abrasion and chewing food?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized

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10
Q

What type of epithelial layer is found in the cheek, floor of mouth, lips, and soft palate?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, non-keratinized

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11
Q

What underlies the epithelial layer in the hard palate and gingiva?

A

Lamina propria goes into the periosteum of bone

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12
Q

What underlies the lips, cheek, soft palate, and floor of mouth?

A

Lamina propria, submucosa, striated or skeletal muscle

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13
Q

What contributes to linea alba or thickening of the buccal mucosa?

A

keratinization of the epithelium- abrasion can cause keratinization

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14
Q

What types of papillae make up the anterior or dorsal surface of the tongue?

A

Filiform and fungiform

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15
Q

What are filiform papillae?

A
  • most abundant
  • rough, keratinized surface to help with food movement
  • like “file”
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16
Q

Where are taste buds found?

A

Everywhere but filiform. Fungiform, vallate, foliate

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17
Q

Where are the vallate papillae found?

A

The V of the terminal sulcus

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the serous fluid that is excreted by the papillae?

A

Helps wash away substances that cause taste so the next taste can be recognized.

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the gustatory cell?

A
  • contains taste receptors that are lined with microvilli to increase surface area
  • transduction pathways send impulses to afferent sensory neuron
  • Stem cells regenerate gustatory cells and support cells
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20
Q

Where are taste buds found?

A

Inside the papillae

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21
Q

What connects the nasal cavity to the larynx and the oral cavity to the esophagus?

A

The pharynx

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22
Q

What type of epithelial tissue lines the nasopharynx?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar

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23
Q

What type of epithelial tissue lines the hypopharynx?

A

Stratified squamous, non-keratinized

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24
Q

A disease in which layer of tissue would lead to the loss of peristalsis?

A

Muscularis

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25
Q

What type of tissue makes up the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium, non- keratinized

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26
Q

What makes up the submucosa of the esophagus?

A
  • Lamina propria (loose CT)
  • Muscularis mucosa- smooth and skeletal
  • Mucous glands
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27
Q

How is the muscle tissue in the esophagus divided?

A

1/3s

  • Top 1/3- striated muscle
  • middle 1/3 mixed striated/smooth
  • bottom 1/3 smooth muscle
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28
Q

What are some of the functions of the stomach? (6)

A 
1) accepts food from the esophagus
2 ) mixes food
3) makes gastric acid
4) starts protein, lipid digestion
5) absorbs very few substances from food
6) moves food (chime) into the intestine
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29
Q

What are the four layers of the stomach?

A

1) mucosa- simple columnar epithelial
2) submucosa- CT
3) muscularis- 3 layers in different directions
4) serosa with an outer mesothelium layer

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30
Q

How can you tell if a stomach is full or empty?

A

Evidence of folds or rugae.

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31
Q

What type of cells are the surface mucous cells?

A

Simple columnar epithelial cells

32
Q

Why don’t gastric contents normally injure the stomach mucosa?

A

Stomach mucosa is covered with mucus and bicarbonate that will neutralize acid

33
Q

What happens at the apical cup of mucinogen granules?

A

Mucus and bicarbonate are secreted

34
Q

What is the pH at the surface of mucosa and inside the stomach?

A
  • Mucosa pH=7

- Stomach pH= 1

35
Q

What affect can aspirin have on the stomach?

A

It can deteriorate the surface mucosa leading to stomach ulcers.

36
Q

What are the for anatomical regions of the stomach?

A

1) cardia
2) fundus
3) body
4) pylorus

37
Q

What are the three histological regions of the stomach?

A

1) cardiac
2) fundus/body
3) pyloric
* differences in mucosa

38
Q

Describe the cardiac region of the stomach

A
  • simple columnar epithelium

- cardiac glands present that secrete mucus

39
Q

What types of glands are present in the fundus/body?

A

Gastric glands

40
Q

What are the three parts of gastric glands and how does their size compare to cardiac glands?

A
  • isthmus
  • neck
  • base
  • much larger than cardiac glands
41
Q

What do surface mucus cells in gastric pit secrete?

A

Alkaline mucous and bicarbonate

42
Q

What do mucous neck cells secrete?

A

more neutral mucous

43
Q

What do parietal cells in the isthmus/neck secrete?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

44
Q

What do chief cells in the base secrete?

A

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

45
Q

How do parietal cells secrete acid?

A

They use a Hydrogen-Potassium ATPase pump

46
Q

What organelles have proton pumps in parietal cells?

A
  • Tubulovesicles

- Canaliculi with microvilli

47
Q

What is the role of mitochondria in the parietal cells?

A
  • Lots of ATP is needed to run the proton pump
48
Q

What happens when food is digested?

A

Tubulovesicles with the proton pump fuse with the canaliculi membrane

49
Q

Why is there acid in the stomach? (3)

A
  • helps kill bacteria
  • acid and intrinsic factor important for Vitamin B12 absorption
  • acid converts pepsinogen to pepsin
50
Q

Where are the pyloric glands found?

A

The pylorous

51
Q

What types of cells are found in the plylorous?

A
  • surface mucous cells
  • mucous neck cells
  • G cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
52
Q

What are the distinct features of pyloric glands?

A
  • deeper pits

- shorter coiled pyloric glands

53
Q

What stimulates the release of gastrin?

A

Stomach distention

54
Q

What do enterochromaffin-like cells do?

A

Release histamine that releases acid

55
Q

What cells bind to enterochromaffin-like cells?

A

Gastrin and ACh from parasympathetic response

56
Q

Blocking the secretions of what kinds of cells would potentially treat gastroesophageal reflux disease?

A
  • G cells (gastrin)
  • Parietal cells (acid)
  • enterochromaffin-like cells (histamine)
57
Q

What makes up the pyloric sphincter?

A
  • Smooth muscles thickening the middle layers of the stomach muscularis
58
Q

Do the circular folds of the small intestine change shape during digestion?

59
Q

What is the main role of the small intestine?

A

Absorb nutrients and minerals from food

60
Q

What types of cells are found inside the lamina propria of the small intestine?

A

Lymphocytes

61
Q

Where do new intestinal cells come from?

A

stem cells

62
Q

What types of cells to stem cells from the intestinal crypt differentiate into?

A
  • Enteroendochrine cells
  • enterocytes
  • paneth cells
63
Q

What is the function of paneth cells and where are they found?

A
  • secrete antimicrobial peptide to protect against bacteria

- found at the bottom of the intestinal crypt

64
Q

What does not increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine?

A
  • intestinal crypts ( crypts of Lieberkuhn)
65
Q

Intestinal inflammation associated with inflammatory bowel disease would be associated with dysfunction in which type of cell?

A

Paneth Cells

66
Q

Where can peptic ulcers occur?

A

Stomach and duodenum

67
Q

How is the duodenum protected from gastric acid?

A

Brunner’s or duodenal glands in produce alkaline mucus

68
Q

What helps with absorption of nutrients?

A

The rhythmic movement of villi mixes and facilitates absorption

69
Q

What helps with the absorption of amino acids and monosaccharides?

A
  • venules, capillaries, and arterioles
70
Q

Where are the fatty acids and monoglyerides absorbed?

A

The lymphatic cappilaries of the lacteal

71
Q

What controls the activity of the gut?

A

Enteric nervous system

72
Q

What two plexus make up the enteric nervous system?

A
  • submucosal (Meissner plexus)

- myenteric (Auerbach plexus) between smooth muscle layers

73
Q

What is the funtion of the large intestine? (3)

A
  • absorption of water and electrolytes
  • microbial fermentation
  • storage of fecal materia
74
Q

What is unique about the muscularis externa layer of the large intestine?

A
  • circular layer of muscularis externa

- 3 thin bands of longitudinal muscle making up the Tenia coli from cecum to rectum

75
Q

What is the main function of colonocytes?

A

Absorb water

Histology (19 decks)

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