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Histology > Lecture 10- Circulatory System > Flashcards

Lecture 10- Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the subsystems of the circulatory system?

A
  • cardiovascular

- lymphatic

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2
Q

A person develops a thrombus in their femoral vein. If the clot breaks off, where will it most likely end up?

A

Lungs

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3
Q

Where does the blood from the femoral vein enter the heart?

A

Right atrium then eventually will get stuck in the capillaries of the lung. Pulmonary embolism

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4
Q

What would happen if there was a clot in the left atrium?

A
  • Could go to the brain and cause stroke

- infarction in kidney or liver

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5
Q

The wall of the hear is composed of 3 layers. Which layer will be the thickest?

A

Myocardium (the muscle)

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6
Q

Which part of the heart will have the thickest myocardium?

A

Left Ventricle

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7
Q

What type of tissue lines the endocardium?

A

simple squamous endothelial layer (loose CT with smooth muscle)

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8
Q

What makes up the sub- endocardium?

A

connective tissue with arteries, veins, nerves, and Purkinje fibers

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9
Q

What is the role of the endothelial layer lining in the endocardium?

A
  • acts as a barrier between blood and heart
  • nonthrombogenic surface (no clots)
  • modify cardiac performace
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10
Q

What is the role of collagne in the endocardium and subendocardium?

A

support and strength

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11
Q

What is the function of Purkinje fibers?

A

Muscle cells that are specialized for impulse conduction instead of contraction

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12
Q

How do Purkinje fibers differ from myocytes?

A
  • Purkinje fibers are fewer and towards the periphery. Lots of glycogen and mitochondria
  • myocytes are dense and full of myofibrils
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13
Q

Describe the conduction system of the heart

A

1) SA node initiates impulse to atria
2) Atrial contraction
3) AV Node sends impulse to ventricles (through bundle of His)
4) Ventricles contract

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14
Q

A 67-year-old male had a dental procedure which caused a transient bacteremia (bacteria in the blood). This precipitated infective endocarditis (inflammation or infection of the endocardium) because they already had damage to which of the following?

A

Endothelial layer of the endocardium. There is no barrier for the bacteria.

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15
Q

While infective endocarditis can occur in the heart chambers, it most commonly occurs on the valves of the heart. Why?

A
  • vegetations develop in areas of high pressure through a narrow space to low pressure
  • valves are covered by endothelial layer
  • turbulent flow–> epithelial damage
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16
Q

What type of tissues make up the valves of the heart?

A

Dense irregular CT

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17
Q

A person had a myocardial infarction which damaged an area of the ventricles containing purkinje fibers. This most likely caused:

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

-Purkinje fibers affect the conduction of impulse

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18
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

The external tissue layer surrounding the pericardium or pericardial sac

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19
Q

Describe the two layers of the epicardium?

A
  • external layer is simple squamous layer of mesothelium

- internal layer is loose CT with adipocytes, coronary arteries, veins, and autonomic nerves.

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20
Q

What makes up the serous pericardium?

A
  • visceral layer
  • parietal layer
  • external fibrous pericardium
  • simple sqaumous epithelial tissue that secretes fluid into space.
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21
Q

What type of tissue makes up the fibrous pericardium?

A

Dense, fibrous CT

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22
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A
  • fixes the heart in the chest cavity
  • protection against infection
  • provides lubrication for the heart when it beats or moves
23
Q

A 65-year-old male presents to the emergency department with chest pain and difficulty breathing. Testing reveals that he has a pericardial effusion. This is caused by fluid building up in which location around the heart?

A

Between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

24
Q

What are the walls of the arteries?

A
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica adventitia or externa
25
Q

What type of tissue is the endothelium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

26
Q

What is the function of the epithelium?

A
  • selective barrier
  • nonthrombogenic barrier
  • modulates blood flow
27
Q

What is the Tunica intima?

A
  • endothelium and underlying basal lamina
  • subendothelial layer of CT
  • internal elastic lamina
  • fenestrations for rapid diffusion
28
Q

What is the Tunica media?

A
  • circumferentially arranged smooth muscle with variable amounts of elastic fibers, reticular fibers, proteoglycans and glycoproteins
  • external elastic lamina
  • constrict or dilate corresponding to smooth muscle
29
Q

What is the Tunica adventitia?

A
  • dense irregular CT (Collagen and elastin)
  • fibroblasts!
  • larger arteries contain vasa vasorum (blood vessels, nerves to adventia and media)
30
Q

What is the main type of collagen in tunica adventitia?

A

Type I

31
Q

How do systemic arteries differ from systemic veins?

A

Arteries are subjected to a much higher pressure than veins

32
Q

Are the layers of walls for veins the same as the arteries?

A

Yes

33
Q

How do the walls of veins differ from the walls of arteries?

A

Veins have:

  • one way valves
  • thinner smooth muscle layer
  • adventitia is thicks
  • more extensive vasa vasorum
34
Q

What are the conductance vessels?

A
  • large, elastic arteries (aorta)

- muscular arteries (medium sized arteries)

35
Q

What are the resistance vessels?

A

Small arteries and arterioles

36
Q

What is the function of large elastic arteries like the aorta?

A
  • Conduct blood

- Help store energy generated by the heart’s contraction

37
Q

Describe systole of the aorta.

A
  • aorta expands or distends
  • facilitated by elastic fibers, limited by collagen fibers
  • systolic pressure is not too high
38
Q

Describe diastole of the aorta.

A
  • elastic recoil

- Diastolic pressure is not too low

39
Q

If elasticity of the aorta is reduced, what happens to systolic and diastolic pressure?

A

Systolic pressure is higher and diastolic pressure is lower

40
Q

What type of cells are the predominate constituent of tunica media in muscular arteries?

A

Smooth muscle cells

41
Q

What is the function of muscular arteries?

A
  • Conduct blood

- large elastic and muscle arteries are considered conductance vessels or distributing arteries

42
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

Control the amount of blood going into the capillary

  • arterioles dilate
  • more blood
  • responsible for relative blood flow to an organ at any given mean arterial pressure
  • help determine mean arterial pressure
43
Q

What happens to resistance to blood flow if an arteriole dilates?

A

Resistance decreases

44
Q

What makes up a capillary? (2)

A
  • endothelial layer

- basal lamina

45
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Gas, nutrient, waste product exchange between blood and tissues

46
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A
  • continuous (no holes)
  • fenestrated (small holes)
  • sinusoid (big holes)
47
Q

What is the most common type of capillary?

A

continuous capillary

48
Q

How does material go from the lumen of the capillary to the interstitial space?

A

Diffusion, paracellular transport, transcytosis (type depends on number of tight junctions)

49
Q

What is the advantage of the fenestrae?

A

more rapid, easier exchange of substances

50
Q

What is unique about a sinusoid capillary?

A
  • much larger than the other capillaries

- both the endothelial layer and basal lamina have large holes

51
Q

Where are the venules located?

A

After the capillaries

52
Q

What is the venule wall like?

A

Gradually develops a tunica media

53
Q

What is different between arteries and veins? (4)

A

1) Small/medium arteries have thicker media
2) Large veins have thicker adventitia
3) Arteries are under higher pressure
4) Veins have valves

54
Q

A 44-year-old female has Marfan syndrome (mutation in the FBN1 gene, which encodes for fibrillin-1). She is at an increased risk for the development of an aneurism (weakened blood vessel wall) in:

A

Aorta (most elastic)

Histology (19 decks)

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