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HEB 1420 > Lecture 17 - Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What parts of the brain are proportionally larger in humans compared to other primates?

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

-humans have largest relative brain size compared to other primates

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2
Q

Which germ layer forms the central nervous system (and skin)?

A

Ectoderm

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3
Q

Neurulation

A

1st: gene signaling from the notochord causes rapid growth in nearby ectoderm
2nd: thickening neural crest comes together, forming neural tube

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4
Q

What does the prosencephalon give rise to?

A

Prosencephalon gives rise to forebrain structures.

  • Telencephalon = Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon = Thalamus/Hypothalamus
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5
Q

What does the mesencephalon give rise to?

A

Midbrain

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6
Q

What does the rhombencephalon give rise to?

A

Rhombencephalon gives rise to hindbrain structures.

  • Metencephalon = Pons/Cerebellum
  • Myelencephalon = Medulla Oblongata
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7
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

Little used dendritic connections are selectively pruned at several stages during adolescence, continuing into adulthood.

*Schizophrenia may be due to excessive pruning

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8
Q

Which arteries provide all blood supply to the brain?

A

Carotid and vertebral arteries.

  • Vertebral arteries pass through foramen magnum
  • Internal carotid supplies blood to brain (enters through carotid canal on temporal bone)
  • External carotid supplies blood to face and scalp
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9
Q

Circle of Willis

A
  • circular arterial connection at the base of the skull
  • forms an anastomosis

*aneurysms most commonly formed here

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10
Q

Anastomosis

A
  • series of connections between blood vessels
  • provides redundant blood flow in case of blockages
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11
Q

The brain takes up 2% of body mass but 20% of basal metabolic consumption. Why?

A

The brain is so expensive because we need to maintain ion cencentration gradients for neuron firing.

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12
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  • brain is suspended in CSF
  • fills the subarachnoid space
  • provides buoyancy and cushion for the brain
  • produced and stored in the ventricles, connected spaces/canals located in the center of the brain
  • drains into the venous system
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13
Q

What holds the veins (sinuses) of the brain in place?

A

Dural bands

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14
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory Nerve

  • sensory (smell)
  • passes through the cribiform plate on the ethmoid bone
  • origintes at the cerebrum
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15
Q

CN II

A

Optic Nerve

  • sensory (sight)
  • passes through the optic canal on the sphenoid bone
  • originates at thte cerebrum
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16
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor Nerve

  • motor: eye and eyelid movement, pupil constriction, lens deformation (superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique)
  • autonomic (parasympathetic) innervation of the constrictor pupillae and ciliary muscles
  • passes through superior orbital fissure on the sphenoid
  • originates at the midbrain
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17
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear Nerve

  • motor: eye movement
    (voluntary: superior oblique muscle)
  • passes through superior orbital fissure on the sphenoid
  • originates at the midbrain
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18
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens Nerve

  • motor: eye movement
    (voluntary: lateral rectus muscle)
  • passes through superior orbital fissure on the sphenoid
  • originates at the hindbrain
19
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal Nerve

  • trigeminal ganglion: afferent (sensory) bodies
  • separated into 3 divisions: opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular
20
Q

CN V1

A

Opthalmic Division of the Trigeminal Nerve

  • sensory: eye (cornea, iris, conjunctive, lacrimal glands), part of nasal mucosa, skin of eyelids, brows, forehead, nose
  • passes through superior orbital fissure on the sphenoid
21
Q

CN V2

A

Maxillary Division of the Trigeminal Nerve

  • sensory: nasal cavity, palate, upper teeth, skin of cheek, temple, lower eyelid, lateral nose, upper lip
  • passes through the foramen rotundum on the sphenoid
22
Q

CN V3

A

Mandibular Division of the Trigeminal Nerve

  • sensory: anterior 2/3 of tongue (not taste), lower teeth, skin of ear, temple, lateral cheek, lower lip, chin
  • motor: chewing muscles, jaw/palate/ear muscles
  • passes through foramen ovale on the sphenoid
23
Q

CN VII

A

Facial Nerve

motor - voluntary: digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius, facial expression msucles

motor -parasympathetic: lacrimal and salivary glands

sensory: anterior 2/3 of tongue (taste)

  • passes through internal auditory meatus
  • exits skull through stylomastoid foramen
24
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibularcochlear Nerve

  • sensory: equilibrium (vestibular nerve) and hearing (cochlear nerve)
  • passes through external auditory meatus
25
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

motor - voluntary: stylopharyngeus

motor - parasympathetic: parotid (salivary) glands

sensory: posterior 1/3 of tongue (sensation and taste)

-passes through jugular foramen on temporal & occiptal bones

26
Q

CN X

A

Vagus Nerve

motor - voluntary: throat, palate, larynx muscles

motor - parasympathetic: heart, digestive tract, lungs

sensory: throat, palate, larynx

*MANY, MANY FUNCTIONS

-passes through jugular foramen intemporal & occipital bones

27
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory Nerve

  • motor: sternocleidomastoid & trapezius (voluntary)
  • passes through jugular foramen on temporal & occipital bones
28
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal Nerve

  • motor: most tongue muscles (voluntary)
  • passes through hypoglossal canal
29
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the nose?

A

CN I (olfaction)

CN V1,2 (sensation)

30
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the eyes?

A

CN II (vision)

CN V1 (sensation)

CN III, IV, VI (motor)

31
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) innervate the ears?

A

CN VIII (hearing, balance)

32
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the facial structures?

A

CN V1,2,3 (sensory)

CN VII (motor)

33
Q

Which cranial nerves innervate the tongue?

A

CN V3 (sensory - anterior 2/3 sensation)

CN VII (sensory - anterior 2/3 taste)

CN IX (sensory - posterior 1/3 sensation and taste)

CN XII (motor)

34
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) pass through the cribiform plate on the ethmoid bone?

A

CN I - Olfactory

35
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) pass through the optic canal?

A

CN II - Optic

36
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the superior orbital fissure?

A

CN III - Oculomotor

CN IV - Trochlear

CN V1 - Opthalmic division of the Trigeminal

CN VI - Abducens

37
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

CN V2 - Maxillary division of the Trigeminal

38
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) pass through the foramen ovale?

A

CN V3 - Mandibular division of the Trigeminal

39
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the internal auditory/acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII - Facial

CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear

40
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the jugular foramen?

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

CN X - Vagus

CN XI - Accessory

41
Q

Which cranial nerve(s) pass through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CN XII - Hypoglossal

42
Q

Cranial nerve names mneumonic

A

Oh, Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vacations Are Here

43
Q

Cranial nerve function mneumonic

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More

HEB 1420 (7 decks)

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