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HEB 1420 > Lecture 16 - Skull and Brain > Flashcards

Lecture 16 - Skull and Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Function of brachial arches in early vertebrates

A

Provide support for the gills

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2
Q

Origin of the jaws in early fishes

A

jaws = 1st brachial arch, 2nd brachial arch connects jaws to head

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3
Q

Evolution path of brachial arches

A

Brachial arch structures (early vertebrates) = Jaws (fishes) = Ear ossicles (mammals)

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4
Q

Brachial arch evolution to mammalian structures

A

Brachial arch 1 = part of lower jaw, malleus and incus. Brachial arch 2 = stapes, body of hyoid, styloid ligament. Brachial arch 3 = body of hyoid Brachial arch 4 = thyroid and cricoid cartilage

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5
Q

Brain evolution

A

Brain and cranial nerve organization dates back to cartilagenous fishes (our inner sharks)

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6
Q

Changes between mammalian brains and other animal brains

A

Larger forebrain Smaller midbrain and hindbrain

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7
Q

Skull

A

Cranium + Mandible

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8
Q

Jaws

A

Part of maxillary bone, mandible + teeth

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9
Q

Viscerocranium

A

face + jaws -formed by intramembranous ossification

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10
Q

Basicranium

A

skull base -formed by endochondral ossification

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11
Q

Neurocranium

A

cranial vault/brain case -formed by intramembranous ossification

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12
Q

Endochondral Bone Formation

A
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13
Q

Bones of the basicranium (skull base)

A

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal, occipital

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14
Q

What bone does the brain sit on?

A

Brain sits on cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

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15
Q

Function of holes on cribiform plate

A

Passage of olfactory nerves into the nose (smell)

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16
Q

Sella turcica

A

Houses the pituitary gland

Part of the sphenoid bone (butterfly shaped bone)

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17
Q

2 parts of temporal bone

A

Squamous (flat) portion

Petrol (houses ear structures) portion

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18
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

Large hole on occipital bone where the spinal cord passes through

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19
Q

Cranial Fossae

A
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20
Q

Example of adult skull bones having both endochondral and intramembranous components

A

Petrosal portion of temporal bones = Endochondral

Squamous portion of temporal bones = Intramembranous

21
Q

Intramembranous Bone Formation

A
22
Q

Bones of the neurocranium (cranial vault)

A

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal (2), occipital, PARIETAL (2)

*same as basicranium, plus parietal bones

23
Q

After the bones are formed, how does the skull grow?

A
  1. Sutural growth
  2. Drift
  3. Synchondrosis growth
24
Q

Sutural Growth

A
  • developing organ pushes bones apart at sutures
  • osteoblasts fill open area
  • driven by intracranial pressure
25
Q

Major cranial sutures

A
26
Q

Drift

A
  • Coordinated deposition (+) and resorption (-)
  • Can move bones and expand cavities
27
Q

Synchondrosis Growth

A

Elongation of cranial base at three growth plates

28
Q

Purpose of fontanelles and sutures

A
  • accomadate rapid brain growth
  • allows for passage through birth canal (temporary deformation of the skull during birth)
29
Q

Brain Folds (gyri and sulci)

A
  • Increase brain surface area
  • Allow for more neurons in smaller space
30
Q

Gray matter in the brain

A
  • neuronal cell bodies
  • located in outer regionsof the brain
31
Q

White matter in the brain

A
  • axons
  • deeper regions of the brain
32
Q

Which brain structures comprise the hindbrain?

A

Pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum

33
Q

Cerebellum

A

Function: gross motor coordination (posture, balance, speech)

-many small, densely packed neurons

34
Q

Pons

A

Function: aids in physiological functions, wakefullness, and alertness

35
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Function: controls autonomic functions (breathing, heartrate, blood pressure, sneezing, coughing)

36
Q

Midbrain

A

small in mammals, coordinates body movements with forebrain, involved in motivation (reward, addiction), involved with eye movements

37
Q

Which brain structures comprise the forebrain?

A

thalmus, hypothalmus, cerebrum

38
Q

Thalmus

A
  • relays sensory info to cerebrum
  • involved in awareness and learning
39
Q

Hypothalmus

A
  • controls release of pituitary hormones
  • involved in physiological processes (thirst, hunger, temperature regulation)
40
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)
  • receives/processes sensory information
  • complex cognitive processes (language, thinking, consciousness, memory)
  • regional specialization
41
Q

Frontal Lobe Function

A
  • motor functions
  • memory
  • emotional regulation
  • motor aspects of speech
42
Q

Parietal Lobe Functions

A
  • integrate sensory stimuli (vision and balance)
  • major speech areas
43
Q

Temporal Lobe Functions

A
  • receives sensory input from ears
  • smell
  • visual/word memory
44
Q

Occipital Lobe Function

A

-vision (receives sensory input from eyes)

45
Q

Corpus Callosum

A
  • think bundle myelinated axons
  • connects right and left cerebral hemispheres
46
Q

Central Sulcus

A
  • separates frontal and parietal lobes
  • pre and post central gyri
47
Q

Pre-central Gyri

A

Primary Motor Cortex: coordinate all voluntary skeletal muscle movement

48
Q

Post-central Gyri

A

Primary Sensory Cortex: receives sensory information from body

HEB 1420 (7 decks)

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