Lecture 16 Epidemiology Flashcards
disease that occurs occasionally at irregular intervals
sporadic disease
disease that maintains a relatively steady low–level frequency at a moderately regular interval
endemic disease
gradually increase in occurrence frequency above endemic level but not to epidemic level
hyperendemic diseases
sudden increase in frequency of disease number in a relatively short period of time
epidemic
increase in disease occurrence within a large population over wide region
pandemic
morbidity
new cases during a time/# in population
number of new cases in a specific time period per unit of population
prevalence rate
total number of individuals infected at any one time
depends on both incidence rate and duration of illness
(total # cases in population/total population) x 100
mortality rate
number of deaths from disease per number of cases of disease
deaths due to a given disease/size of total population with disease
disease resulting from an infection by microbial agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths
infectious disease
a disease transmitted from one host to another
communicable disease
disease that is easily spread from one host to another
contagious disease
disease not transmitted from one host to another
i.e. microbes that produce disease only when introduced to body
noncommunicable disease
hospital acquired infections
nosocomial
herd immunity
resistance of a population to infection and to spread of an infectious organism because of immunity of a large percentage of population
level is altered by introduction of new individuals or changes in pathogen
antigenic shift
major change in antigenic character of pathogen
antigenic drift
small changes in antigenic character of pathogen
i.e. influenza
hospital acquired infections
nosocomial infections
via patient contact with pathogen in hospital/clinical care facility
often caused by bacteria from normal flora
true/false
nosocomial infections are antibiotic resistant
true
what kind of vaccines?
whole cell DNA recombinant acellular vaccine toxoid vaccine antitoxin
whole cell vaccines
either inactivated/killed or live, attenuated
usage of a capsule Ag to generate an immune response
acellular vaccine
toxoid vaccine
inactivated toxin
giving Abs to patient in response to intoxication
antitoxin
naturally acquired active immunity
exposed to antigen stimulates immune response
naturally acquired passive immunity
cross placenta thru breast milk
Ab delivers
artificially aq. active immunity
via vaccines
artificially aq. passive immunity
via Ab serum transplant or antitoxin
