Lecture 16: Back: vertebral column and musculature

Question 1

what are the primary curves of the spine?

Answer 1

thoracic + sacral regions: anterior concave surfaces

Question 2

what are the secondary curves of the spine?

Answer 2

cervical + lumbar regions:

anterior convex surfaces

Question 3

what is the role of curvatures in the spine?

Answer 3

to maintain the centre of gravity

Question 4

what is the progression of curvature formations from birth to 10 yo?

Answer 4

Question 5

scoliosis

Answer 5

-hereditary
-presents at younger age
-byproduct of rapid growth( muscles and lig. grow slower than bones) which can be fixed

or in extreme cases bone disorders -require surgery

Question 6

kyphosis

Answer 6

-common in elderly
-back muscles atrophy with age-> cannot hold spine straight + bones redevelop+ arthritis worsens the conditions

-normally do not intervene

Question 6

kyphosis

Answer 6

-common in elderly
-back muscles atrophy with age-> cannot hold spine straight + bones redevelop+ arthritis worsens the conditions

-normally do not intervene

Question 7

lordosis

Answer 7

secondary curvatures are considered natural lordosis curves

pregnancy: as embryo growths it increases the weight in front of the centre of gravity-> back leans back to compensate

also can happen in obesity

Lower back pain

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

Answer 11

interspinous lig

Question 12

Answer 12

Question 13

what are the 5 ligaments of the spine and which ones span the entire length of the spine?

Answer 13

Span entire length:

-anterior longitudonal lig
-posterior longitudonal lig
-supraspinous lig

Short:
-ligamentum flavum
-interspinous lig

Question 14

what is the role of ligamentum flavum?

Answer 14

-more useful in quadrupeds. Have a lot of elastin-> stores the flexion of the neck if the animal bends down(to eat grass)-> easy to look up quickly

-not so useful in humans

Question 15

role of anterior longitudonal ligament?

Answer 15

supports the anterior aspect of the column

Question 16

role of supraspinous lig and interspinous lig?

Answer 16

both stop oversplaying of the spinous processes when the vertebrae are flexed

stop overcompression of the vertebral bodies

Question 17

what are the superficial back muscles?

Answer 17

-trapezius
-latissimus dorsi
-rhomboids major and minor
-levator scapulae

Question 18

intermediate back muscles

Answer 18

serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior

Question 19

deep back muscles:
names and Attachements

Answer 19

illiocostalis( O- iliac crest, I-costal part=ribs) stabilises the lower back

longissimus( O- iliac creast& lower lumbar spinous process, I- transverse process of thoracic ribs)

spinalis ( links sections of the spine to each other, run from the spinous process of lower vertebrae to spinous process of upper vertebrae)

multifidus(O: the transverse process of vertebrae. I:spinous process of another vertebrae above it)

Question 20

what do most of the back muscles attach to?

Answer 20

thoracolumbar fascia( big aponeurotic tendon)
-superficial and deep

Question 21

what action occurs when all erector spinae muscles contract?

Answer 21

spine extension

Question 22

what action occurs if only 1 side of erector spinae muscles cntracts?

Answer 22

lateral flexion