Lecture 16

Question 1

Hematopoiesis

Answer 1

Process of blood cell formation and development (occurs primarily in bone marrow)

Question 2

Bone Marrow Stromal Compartment

Answer 2

framework of adipose cells, fibroblasts, stromal cells, vascular endothelial cells, macrophages, blood vessels, trabecular bone

Question 3

Hematopoietic Cell Compartment (bone marrow)

Answer 3

highly vascularized (supplied by central longitudinal artery from nutrient artery)

Question 4

Medullary sinusoids

Answer 4

• specialized blood vessels in bone marrow (drain into central longitudinal vein and leave via nutrient vein)
• Sinusoid wall: thin wall that allows passage between blood and bone marrow (passage for mature hematopoietic cells)

Question 5

Where are immature hematopoietic cells stored?

Answer 5

Medullary sinusoids

Question 6

Osteoblast

Answer 6

control bone formation and hematopoiesis; produce erythropoietin/hematopoietin

Question 7

Erythropoientin

Answer 7

hormone produced by kidneys that stimulates production of RBCs in bone marrow

Question 8

Lymphoid stem cell lineage

Answer 8

B-lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte, NK cells

Question 9

Myeloid stem cell lineage

Answer 9

Neutrophil, monocyte, RBC (erythrocyte), megakaryocte

Question 10

Clusters of Differentiation (CD)

Answer 10

markers used to identify specific cell types within immune cells (myeloid/lymphoid cells)

Question 11

B-Lymphocytes

Answer 11

Humoral immunity: produce antibodies and neutralize pathogens

Question 12

T-Lymphocytes

Answer 12

Involved in cell mediated immunity and regulate immune responses (helper and cytotoxic T-cells)

Question 13

Glycoprotein Growth Factor

Answer 13

proteins that promote growth and differentiation of cells (each lineage has its own set)

Question 14

Colony-Stimulating Factors

Answer 14

Cytokines that stimulate production and differentiation of blood cells in bone marrow

Question 15

Thrombopoietin

Answer 15

Stimulates production of platelets from megakaryocytes

Question 16

Cytokines

Answer 16

Small signaling proteins that mediate and regulate immune responses

Question 17

Interleukin

Answer 17

cytokines that facilitates communication between immune cells (produced by lymphocytes)

Question 18

Stromal Cells

Answer 18

Cells in bone marrow that support growth and differentiation of hematopoietic cells (hematopoietic growth factors)

Question 19

Interleukin-3

Answer 19

Non-lineage specific growth factor

Question 20

Stem Cell Factor (SCF)

Answer 20

Growth factor that binds to c-kit receptor on hematopoietic stem cells; protein ligand produced by fetal tissues and stromal cells of bone marrow

Question 21

C-Kit Receptor

Answer 21

Stem cell factor receptor; tyrosine kinase (binding -> activation -> phosphorylation of substrates)

Question 22

What happens when the ATP-binding sites on C-Kit receptor are blocked?

Answer 22

Prevents phosphorylation of substrates involved in downstream signaling (target to treat leukemias)

Question 23

Grb7

Answer 23

Member of cytosolic adaptor protein family; SH2 and SH3 domains of adaptor proteins mediate coupling of transmembrane receptors to specific downstream signaling pathways

Question 24

Band Cells

Answer 24

Young neutrophils

Question 25

Ameth/Index Count

Answer 25

Segmentation of nuclei of neutrophils that is used to estimate cell's age (5 segmented nuclei= old neutrophil)

Question 26

What does a left shift mean in an Ameth Index?

Answer 26

Fewer segmented nuclei -> more young cells -> infection in progression (bacterial infection)

Question 27

What does a right shift mean in an Ameth Index?

Answer 27

More segmented nuclei -> more older cells ->lack of blood forming activity (ex: severe liver disease)

Question 28

What does plasma contain?

Answer 28

Proteins (albumins, globulis, fibrinogen, prothrombin), water, solutes (ions, nutrients, waste products, etc)

Question 29

What does the buffy coat contain?

Answer 29

platelets and WBCs

Question 30

What does the formed elements contain?

Answer 30

Platelets, Leukocytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils)

Question 31

Chemistry/Metabolic Profile

Answer 31

blood chemistry: measures fats, proteins, sugars, electrolytes, enzymes

Question 32

Differential Count

Answer 32

Delineates how many WBCs are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes relative to total WBC count

Question 33

Sequential Multiple Analysis

Answer 33

(SMA-6, SMA-7, SMA-12) 1. No anticoagulant: general use (serum) 2. EDTA: Coagulation factors, RBCs, lipids, lipoproteins 3. Lithium Heparin: general use (plasma) 4. Fluoride Oxalate: glucose and lactate

Question 34

Plasma

Answer 34

yellow, clear fluid remaining after cells removed

Question 35

Serum

Answer 35

Fluid and solutes after cells and fibrogen removed

Question 36

Absolute Neutrophil count (ANC)

Answer 36

Infer health status

Question 37

Leukocytosis

Answer 37

Increased number of WBCs

Question 38

Neutropenia

Answer 38

Decreased number of neutrophils

Question 39

Leukocytopenia

Answer 39

decreased number of WBCs

Question 40

Neutrophilia

Answer 40

Increased number of neutrophils

Question 41

Agranulocytosis

Answer 41

Severe form of neutropenia with decreased number of granulocytes

Question 42

Eosinophilia

Answer 42

Increased number of eosinophils

Question 43

Basophilia

Answer 43

Increased number of basophils

Question 44

Monocytosis

Answer 44

Increased number of monocytes

Question 45

Lymphocytosis

Answer 45

Increase lymphocytes

Question 46

Lymphopenia

Answer 46

Decreased lymphocytes