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Pathophysiology Exam 2 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Process of blood cell formation and development (occurs primarily in bone marrow)

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2
Q

Bone Marrow Stromal Compartment

A

framework of adipose cells, fibroblasts, stromal cells, vascular endothelial cells, macrophages, blood vessels, trabecular bone

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3
Q

Hematopoietic Cell Compartment (bone marrow)

A

highly vascularized (supplied by central longitudinal artery from nutrient artery)

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4
Q

Medullary sinusoids

A
  • specialized blood vessels in bone marrow (drain into central longitudinal vein and leave via nutrient vein)
  • Sinusoid wall: thin wall that allows passage between blood and bone marrow (passage for mature hematopoietic cells)
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5
Q

Where are immature hematopoietic cells stored?

A

Medullary sinusoids

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6
Q

Osteoblast

A

control bone formation and hematopoiesis; produce erythropoietin/hematopoietin

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7
Q

Erythropoientin

A

hormone produced by kidneys that stimulates production of RBCs in bone marrow

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8
Q

Lymphoid stem cell lineage

A

B-lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte, NK cells

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9
Q

Myeloid stem cell lineage

A

Neutrophil, monocyte, RBC (erythrocyte), megakaryocte

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10
Q

Clusters of Differentiation (CD)

A

markers used to identify specific cell types within immune cells (myeloid/lymphoid cells)

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11
Q

B-Lymphocytes

A

Humoral immunity: produce antibodies and neutralize pathogens

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12
Q

T-Lymphocytes

A

Involved in cell mediated immunity and regulate immune responses (helper and cytotoxic T-cells)

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13
Q

Glycoprotein Growth Factor

A

proteins that promote growth and differentiation of cells (each lineage has its own set)

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14
Q

Colony-Stimulating Factors

A

Cytokines that stimulate production and differentiation of blood cells in bone marrow

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15
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Stimulates production of platelets from megakaryocytes

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16
Q

Cytokines

A

Small signaling proteins that mediate and regulate immune responses

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17
Q

Interleukin

A

cytokines that facilitates communication between immune cells (produced by lymphocytes)

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18
Q

Stromal Cells

A

Cells in bone marrow that support growth and differentiation of hematopoietic cells (hematopoietic growth factors)

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19
Q

Interleukin-3

A

Non-lineage specific growth factor

20
Q

Stem Cell Factor (SCF)

A

Growth factor that binds to c-kit receptor on hematopoietic stem cells; protein ligand produced by fetal tissues and stromal cells of bone marrow

21
Q

C-Kit Receptor

A

Stem cell factor receptor; tyrosine kinase (binding -> activation -> phosphorylation of substrates)

22
Q

What happens when the ATP-binding sites on C-Kit receptor are blocked?

A

Prevents phosphorylation of substrates involved in downstream signaling (target to treat leukemias)

23
Q

Grb7

A

Member of cytosolic adaptor protein family; SH2 and SH3 domains of adaptor proteins mediate coupling of transmembrane receptors to specific downstream signaling pathways

24
Q

Band Cells

A

Young neutrophils

25
Q

Ameth/Index Count

A

Segmentation of nuclei of neutrophils that is used to estimate cell’s age (5 segmented nuclei= old neutrophil)

26
Q

What does a left shift mean in an Ameth Index?

A

Fewer segmented nuclei -> more young cells -> infection in progression (bacterial infection)

27
Q

What does a right shift mean in an Ameth Index?

A

More segmented nuclei -> more older cells ->lack of blood forming activity (ex: severe liver disease)

28
Q

What does plasma contain?

A

Proteins (albumins, globulis, fibrinogen, prothrombin), water, solutes (ions, nutrients, waste products, etc)

29
Q

What does the buffy coat contain?

A

platelets and WBCs

30
Q

What does the formed elements contain?

A

Platelets, Leukocytes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils)

31
Q

Chemistry/Metabolic Profile

A

blood chemistry: measures fats, proteins, sugars, electrolytes, enzymes

32
Q

Differential Count

A

Delineates how many WBCs are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes relative to total WBC count

33
Q

Sequential Multiple Analysis

A

(SMA-6, SMA-7, SMA-12)
1. No anticoagulant: general use (serum)
2. EDTA: Coagulation factors, RBCs, lipids, lipoproteins
3. Lithium Heparin: general use (plasma)
4. Fluoride Oxalate: glucose and lactate

34
Q

Plasma

A

yellow, clear fluid remaining after cells removed

35
Q

Serum

A

Fluid and solutes after cells and fibrogen removed

36
Q

Absolute Neutrophil count (ANC)

A

Infer health status

37
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increased number of WBCs

38
Q

Neutropenia

A

Decreased number of neutrophils

39
Q

Leukocytopenia

A

decreased number of WBCs

40
Q

Neutrophilia

A

Increased number of neutrophils

41
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

Severe form of neutropenia with decreased number of granulocytes

42
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Increased number of eosinophils

43
Q

Basophilia

A

Increased number of basophils

44
Q

Monocytosis

A

Increased number of monocytes

45
Q

Lymphocytosis

A

Increase lymphocytes

46
Q

Lymphopenia

A

Decreased lymphocytes

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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