Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology Exam 2 > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Dolar

A

Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Calor

A

Heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Rubor

A

Redness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tumor

A

Swelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the effects of acute inflammation?

A

Release of chemical mediators (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins) -> vasodilation (hot, red), Irritation of nerve endings (pain), increased capillary permeability (edema, pain) (-> clot, fibrin mesh walls of area), chemotaxis (WBC to area) (-> phagocytosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What allows for preparation for healing?

A

Clot formation, phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the forms of healing?

A
  1. Scar tissue (fibrosis)
  2. Regeneration (Irreversible damage)
  3. Resolution (Reversible damage)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mast Cells

A

Tissue cell from basophils; Cells that release mediators during allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Plasma Cells

A

Tissue cell from lymphocytes; Differentiated B cell that produces antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Macrophage

A

Tissue cell from monocytes; large phagocytic cells that engulfs and digests cell debris and pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil

A

Inflammatory cell; Type of WBC (first responder to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Eosinophil

A

Inflammatory cell; WBC involved in parasitic infections and allergic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Basophil

A

Inflammatory cell; releases histamine during allergic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Monocyte

A

Inflammatory cell; differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Inflammatory cells; adaptive immunity (B cells and T cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Platelet

A

Cell fragments involved in clotting and wound healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Granulocytes

A

WBCs that contain granules in their cytoplasm (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Agranulocytes

A

WBCs that do not contain granules (lymphocytes and monocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Azurophilic Granules

A

Granules that are found in certain leukocytes that contain enzymes and antimicrobial substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What types of granules and substrates are found in neutrophils?

A
  1. Specific granules: phospholipase A, elastase, cathepsin
  2. Azurophilic Granules: phospholipase A, Type IV collagenase
  3. Tertiary Granules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What types of granules and substrates are found in eosinophils?

A
  1. Specific: Histaminase, collagenase, cathepsins
  2. Azurophilic: collagenase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What types of granules and substrates are found in basophils?

A
  1. Specific: histamine, synthesis of leukotriene
  2. Azurophilic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Phospholipase A

A

enzyme that releases arachidonic acid from phospholipids (production of eicosanoids)

24
Q

Cathepsins

A

Group of proteases involved in protein degradation within lysosomes

25
Q

Type IV Collagenase

A

Enzyme that degrades type IV collagen

26
Q

Histaminase

A

Enzyme that degrades histamine to modulate allergic reactions

27
Q

Collagenase

A

enzyme that breaks down collagen

28
Q

Leukotriene

A

Type of eicosanoid

29
Q

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

A

Blood test that is used for inflammation

30
Q

Kinins

A

Peptides that cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and induce pain
Bradykinin: inflammatory response

31
Q

Arachidonic Acid Derivative

A
  • Inflammatory mediators
    -Synthesis inhibited by steroids, NSAIDs, COX-inhibitors
32
Q

COX1

A

-Inhibit COX production
- Constitutive
- Physiological function involvement

33
Q

COX2

A

-Inhibit COX production
- Inducible
-Inflammatory sites

34
Q

IFN-alpha

A

Interferon involved in antiviral response and regulation of immune functions

35
Q

IFN-gamme

A

Cytokine that enhances immune response and activates macrophages

36
Q

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

A

Medications that decrease inflammation, pain, fever by inhibiting COX enzymes involved in the production of prostaglandins

37
Q

Risk of COX inhibition by NSAIDs

A

Gastric ulcers, renal ischemia, premature closure of ductus arteriosus (fetal blood vessel), Reye’s syndrome

38
Q

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

A

Promotes inflammation, pain, fever

39
Q

Synoviocytes

A

Cells that line synovial membrane of joins

40
Q

Thromboxane (TXA2)

A

Prostaglandin derivative produced primarily by platelets (promotes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation)

41
Q

Prostacyclin (PGI2)

A

Prostaglandin produced by endothelium that acts as vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation

42
Q

COX2 Specific Inhibitors

A
  • Capitalize on anti-inflammatory and pain relieving properties of NSAIDs while bypassing risks with COX1 inhibition
  • Risks: myocardial infarction (prothrombotic effects via inhibition of endothelial function) -> decrease antithrombotic PGI2 with no inhibition of prothrombotic platelet TXA2
43
Q

Prothrombotic

A

Condition that promotes thrombosis (Blood clot formation)

44
Q

What factors can cause edema?

A
  1. Increased venous pressure
  2. Decreased oncotic pressure of plasma resulting from decreased albumin
  3. Increased permeability of vessel wall
  4. Obstruction of lymphatics
45
Q

Albumin

A

Plasma protein synthesis in liver (oncotic pressure on transport control)

46
Q

What cells can undergo phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

47
Q

Macrophage-Derived Interleukin-1

A

Stimulates release of neutrophils from bone marrow storage (neutrophilia)

48
Q

Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)

A

First receptors activated during host-pathogen interaction (CD-14 coreceptor: detects bacterial LPS)

49
Q

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

A

Acute phase protein produced by liver in response to inflammation

50
Q

Serum Amyloid-A

A

Acute phase protein that increases inflammation

51
Q

Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-A)

A

Cytokine involved in systemic inflammation

52
Q

Why do fevers occur?

A

Cytokines act on endothelial cells of highly vascularized organum vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) -> OVLT signals -> vasoconstriction of dermal vessels -> cessation of sweating and shivering of muscles -> decreased dissipation of heat -> PGE2 diffuses into hypothalamus -> increases set point for thermoregulation

53
Q

Organum Vasculosum Laminae Terminalis (OVLT)

A

Specialized brain region involved in thermoregulation

54
Q

Primary Intention Scar

A

Composition of matrix changes from fibronectin and fibrin -> collagen III -> collagen type I

55
Q

Secondary Intention Keloid

A

Excessive scarring causes formation of keloid

56
Q

Keloid

A

Scar composed of type III collagen (not type I)

57
Q

Granulation tissue

A

temporary/make-shift structure (fibrous CT that replaces fibrin clot in healing tissue)

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions