Lecture 11

Question 1

Intima

Answer 1

Innermost layer of blood vessel, composed of thin layer of endothelial cells

Question 2

Adventitia

Answer 2

Outermost layer of blood vessel

Question 3

How does the structure of arteries impact blood flow?

Answer 3

Amount of elastic tissue decreases and proportion of smooth muscle increases (high pressure and resistance)

Question 4

How does the structure of veins impact blood flow?

Answer 4

Relative size of intima remains the same, media decrease in size and adventitia increase in size (low pressure and capacitance)

Question 5

Sinusoids

Answer 5

Highly specialized, irregularly shaped blood vessels; allow for exchange of larger molecules and cells between blood and surrounding tissues

Question 6

What organs contain sinusoids instead of capillaries?

Answer 6

Liver, spleen, bone marrow

Question 7

Capillaries

Answer 7

Thin wall facilitate exchange of gases and small molecules between bloodstream and surrounding tissue

Question 8

Continuous Capillaries

Answer 8

endothelial cells have continuous cytoplasm and basal lamina (ex: brain, bone, lung, muscle)

Question 9

Fenstrated Capillaries

Answer 9

Endothelial cells have pores (fenestrae) in cytoplasm with/without diaphragms; present in tissue with substantial fluid transport (ex: renal tubules, small intestinal mucosal villi, endocrine)

Question 10

Discontinuous Capillaries

Answer 10

Basal lamina discontinuous; fragmented/absent cytoplasmic gaps larger than those of Fenstrated capillaries (ex: venous sinusoids of liver, spleen, bone marrow)

Question 11

Venous Sinusoids

Answer 11

found in venous system (allow for large volumes of blood)

Question 12

Thoroughfare Channels

Answer 12

Direct connection within capillary bed that allows blood to flow from arterioles to venules, bypassing some capillaries

Question 13

Shunts

Answer 13

pathways that allow blood to bypass certain areas or circuits

Question 14

Metarteriole Channels

Answer 14

Not exchange vessels (thermoregulation)

Question 15

Arteriovenous Bypass

Answer 15

Surgical procedure that creates direct connection between artery and vein

Question 16

Precapillary Sphincters

Answer 16

Circular bands of smooth muscle before capillaries; respond to local factors and regulate flow of blood in

Question 17

Glomerulus

Answer 17

Kidneys; afferent arterioles drain into capillary network; glomerular capillaries coalesce to form efferent arteriole; branches into vasa recta

Question 18

Vasa Recta

Answer 18

Blood vessel that supply kidney and has role in urine formation

Question 19

Portal Venous Sytem

Answer 19

Occurs when capillary bed pools into another via veins (does not go through heart)

Question 20

What drives the lymphatic system?

Answer 20

Hydrostatic pressure gradient

Question 21

Lymph

Answer 21

fluid containing WBCs

Question 22

Explain the flow and movement of lymph via the lymphatic system.

Answer 22

• Vessels of upper right quadrant of body empty into right lymphatic duct
• Returns lymph to general circulation via right subclavian vein
• Remainder of lymphatic vessels drain into thoracic duct in upper abdomen and thoracic cavity

Question 23

Thoracic Duct

Answer 23

Largest lymphatic vessels in blood; collects lymph and drains it into bloodstream

Question 24

In what form do lymphatic capillaries in intestinal villi absorb and transport lipids?

Answer 24

Cyclomicrons

Question 25

Cyclomicrons

Answer 25

lipid-rich particles formed in intestines that transport dietary lipids from GI tract to other locations via lymphatic system

Question 26

Chyle

Answer 26

Cleansed lymph

Question 27

Cysterna Chyli

Answer 27

Dilated sac that collects chyle from lower half and left side of upper body (stores before thoracic)

Question 28

Lymphatic Capillaries

Answer 28

Irregular outline, spaced endothelial cell lining lacking tight junctions; no RBCs in lumen

Question 29

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 29

lymph node enlargement

Question 30

What do painful nodes suggest?

Answer 30

Inflammation (does not destroy)

Question 31

What do painless nodes suggest?

Answer 31

Malignant (destroy)

Question 32

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Answer 32

Bone marrow and thymus

Question 33

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Answer 33

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, muscosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) (BALT, GALT)

Question 34

Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

Answer 34

Component of immune system consisting of lymphoid tissues associated with mucosal surfaces

Question 35

Bronchus-ALT (BALT)

Answer 35

type of MALT located in bronchial walls that plays a role in immune response to inhaled pathogens and antigens

Question 36

Gut-ALT (GALT)

Answer 36

Part of immune system found in GI tracts (includes Peyer's Patches)

Question 37

What are the cell types of lymphocytes?

Answer 37

B cells, T cell, NK cells

Question 38

NK (Natural Killer) Cells

Answer 38

lymphocyte in immune system that plays a role in innate immune response by identifying and destroying infected or cancerous cells

Question 39

What are the accessory cells for the lympatic system?

Answer 39

Monocyte-derived: Macrophages, dendritic cells Mesenchymal origin: follicular dendritic cells

Question 40

As blood moves through the arterial system from large to small arteries, what happens to the amount of elastic tissue and proportion of smooth muscle? 1. Elastic tissue increases and smooth muscle decreases 2. Both elastic tissue and smooth mucle remain constant 3. Elastic tissue decreases and smooth muscle increases 4. Elastic tissue remains constant and smooth muscle increases

Answer 40

3. Elastic tissue decreases and smooth muscle increases

Question 41

As blood vessels transition from arteries to veins, how does the size of the intima change? 1. It increases significantly 2. It decreases significantly 3. It remains the same 4. It becomes significantly thicker

Answer 41

3. It remains the same

Question 42

When comparing an artery to a vein, which layer is more prominent in the artery? 1. Intima 2. Media 3. Adventitia 4. Endothelium

Answer 42

2. Media

Question 43

How does the structure of veins support their function? 1. Thicker walls provide more pressure 2. Larger lumen size reduces resistance 3. Smooth muscle allows for effective constriction 4. Thinner walls allow for nutrient exchange

Answer 43

2. Larger lumen size reduces resistance

Question 44

Which blood vessel type typically has the thickest adventitia? 1. Arteries 2. Capillaries 3. Arterioles 4. Veins

Answer 44

4. Veins

Question 45

What type of capillary has the largest gaps between endothelial cells, allowing for the movement of large molecules? 1. Continuous capillaries 2. Fenstrated capillaries 3. Discontinuous capillaries

Answer 45

3. Discontinuous capillaries

Question 46

Which of the following factors distinguishes continuous capillaries from fenestrated capillaries? 1. Tight junctions 2. Fenstrations 3. Larger lumen size 4. No basal lamina

Answer 46

1. Tight Junctions

Question 47

A patient presents with painful lymph nodes. What is likely the reasoning and how is the lymph node architecture impacted? 1. Malignancy; loss of structure 2. Inflammation; efface node architecture 3. Inflammation; normal architecture with some reactive changes 4. Malignancy; architecture is not impacted at all

Answer 47

3. Inflammation; normal architecture with some reactive changes