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Pathophysiology Exam 2 > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Intima

A

Innermost layer of blood vessel, composed of thin layer of endothelial cells

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2
Q

Adventitia

A

Outermost layer of blood vessel

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3
Q

How does the structure of arteries impact blood flow?

A

Amount of elastic tissue decreases and proportion of smooth muscle increases (high pressure and resistance)

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4
Q

How does the structure of veins impact blood flow?

A

Relative size of intima remains the same, media decrease in size and adventitia increase in size (low pressure and capacitance)

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5
Q

Sinusoids

A

Highly specialized, irregularly shaped blood vessels; allow for exchange of larger molecules and cells between blood and surrounding tissues

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6
Q

What organs contain sinusoids instead of capillaries?

A

Liver, spleen, bone marrow

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7
Q

Capillaries

A

Thin wall facilitate exchange of gases and small molecules between bloodstream and surrounding tissue

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8
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A

endothelial cells have continuous cytoplasm and basal lamina (ex: brain, bone, lung, muscle)

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9
Q

Fenstrated Capillaries

A

Endothelial cells have pores (fenestrae) in cytoplasm with/without diaphragms; present in tissue with substantial fluid transport (ex: renal tubules, small intestinal mucosal villi, endocrine)

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10
Q

Discontinuous Capillaries

A

Basal lamina discontinuous; fragmented/absent cytoplasmic gaps larger than those of Fenstrated capillaries (ex: venous sinusoids of liver, spleen, bone marrow)

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11
Q

Venous Sinusoids

A

found in venous system (allow for large volumes of blood)

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12
Q

Thoroughfare Channels

A

Direct connection within capillary bed that allows blood to flow from arterioles to venules, bypassing some capillaries

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13
Q

Shunts

A

pathways that allow blood to bypass certain areas or circuits

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14
Q

Metarteriole Channels

A

Not exchange vessels (thermoregulation)

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15
Q

Arteriovenous Bypass

A

Surgical procedure that creates direct connection between artery and vein

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16
Q

Precapillary Sphincters

A

Circular bands of smooth muscle before capillaries; respond to local factors and regulate flow of blood in

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17
Q

Glomerulus

A

Kidneys; afferent arterioles drain into capillary network; glomerular capillaries coalesce to form efferent arteriole; branches into vasa recta

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18
Q

Vasa Recta

A

Blood vessel that supply kidney and has role in urine formation

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19
Q

Portal Venous Sytem

A

Occurs when capillary bed pools into another via veins (does not go through heart)

20
Q

What drives the lymphatic system?

A

Hydrostatic pressure gradient

21
Q

Lymph

A

fluid containing WBCs

22
Q

Explain the flow and movement of lymph via the lymphatic system.

A
  • Vessels of upper right quadrant of body empty into right lymphatic duct
  • Returns lymph to general circulation via right subclavian vein
  • Remainder of lymphatic vessels drain into thoracic duct in upper abdomen and thoracic cavity
23
Q

Thoracic Duct

A

Largest lymphatic vessels in blood; collects lymph and drains it into bloodstream

24
Q

In what form do lymphatic capillaries in intestinal villi absorb and transport lipids?

A

Cyclomicrons

25
Q

Cyclomicrons

A

lipid-rich particles formed in intestines that transport dietary lipids from GI tract to other locations via lymphatic system

26
Q

Chyle

A

Cleansed lymph

27
Q

Cysterna Chyli

A

Dilated sac that collects chyle from lower half and left side of upper body (stores before thoracic)

28
Q

Lymphatic Capillaries

A

Irregular outline, spaced endothelial cell lining lacking tight junctions; no RBCs in lumen

29
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

lymph node enlargement

30
Q

What do painful nodes suggest?

A

Inflammation (does not destroy)

31
Q

What do painless nodes suggest?

A

Malignant (destroy)

32
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Bone marrow and thymus

33
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, muscosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) (BALT, GALT)

34
Q

Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

A

Component of immune system consisting of lymphoid tissues associated with mucosal surfaces

35
Q

Bronchus-ALT (BALT)

A

type of MALT located in bronchial walls that plays a role in immune response to inhaled pathogens and antigens

36
Q

Gut-ALT (GALT)

A

Part of immune system found in GI tracts (includes Peyer’s Patches)

37
Q

What are the cell types of lymphocytes?

A

B cells, T cell, NK cells

38
Q

NK (Natural Killer) Cells

A

lymphocyte in immune system that plays a role in innate immune response by identifying and destroying infected or cancerous cells

39
Q

What are the accessory cells for the lympatic system?

A

Monocyte-derived: Macrophages, dendritic cells
Mesenchymal origin: follicular dendritic cells

40
Q

As blood moves through the arterial system from large to small arteries, what happens to the amount of elastic tissue and proportion of smooth muscle?

  1. Elastic tissue increases and smooth muscle decreases
  2. Both elastic tissue and smooth mucle remain constant
  3. Elastic tissue decreases and smooth muscle increases
  4. Elastic tissue remains constant and smooth muscle increases
A
  1. Elastic tissue decreases and smooth muscle increases
41
Q

As blood vessels transition from arteries to veins, how does the size of the intima change?

  1. It increases significantly
  2. It decreases significantly
  3. It remains the same
  4. It becomes significantly thicker
A
  1. It remains the same
42
Q

When comparing an artery to a vein, which layer is more prominent in the artery?

  1. Intima
  2. Media
  3. Adventitia
  4. Endothelium
A
  1. Media
43
Q

How does the structure of veins support their function?

  1. Thicker walls provide more pressure
  2. Larger lumen size reduces resistance
  3. Smooth muscle allows for effective constriction
  4. Thinner walls allow for nutrient exchange
A
  1. Larger lumen size reduces resistance
44
Q

Which blood vessel type typically has the thickest adventitia?

  1. Arteries
  2. Capillaries
  3. Arterioles
  4. Veins
A
  1. Veins
45
Q

What type of capillary has the largest gaps between endothelial cells, allowing for the movement of large molecules?

  1. Continuous capillaries
  2. Fenstrated capillaries
  3. Discontinuous capillaries
A
  1. Discontinuous capillaries
46
Q

Which of the following factors distinguishes continuous capillaries from fenestrated capillaries?

  1. Tight junctions
  2. Fenstrations
  3. Larger lumen size
  4. No basal lamina
A
  1. Tight Junctions
47
Q

A patient presents with painful lymph nodes. What is likely the reasoning and how is the lymph node architecture impacted?

  1. Malignancy; loss of structure
  2. Inflammation; efface node architecture
  3. Inflammation; normal architecture with some reactive changes
  4. Malignancy; architecture is not impacted at all
A
  1. Inflammation; normal architecture with some reactive changes

Pathophysiology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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