Lecture 14

Question 1

Serous Exudate

Answer 1

Viral Infections; clear, yellowish fluid that leaks from blood vessels during inflammation

Question 2

Fibrinous Exudate

Answer 2

Bacterial; presence of fibrinogen (thick and sticky); potential scarring and fibrosis

Question 3

Purulent

Answer 3

Pus (dead PNMs, tissue debris); bacterial infection

Question 4

Fibrinogen

Answer 4

Soluble plasma protein converted to fibrin during blood clotting

Question 5

Ulcerative

Answer 5

Circumscribed inflammatory and suppurating (form discharge/ Pus) lesion on skin or internal mucous surface

Question 6

Abscess

Answer 6

Localized, purulent inflammation

Question 7

Empyema

Answer 7

Accumulation of pus in preformed cavity

Question 8

Granuloma

Answer 8

Mass of chronic immune cells (epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, multi-nucleated giant cells

Question 9

Multi- Nucleated Giant Cells

Answer 9

Large cells formed by fusion of macrophages (seen in chronic inflammation)

Question 10

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Answer 10

• X-linked recessive or autosomal recessive
• Mutations in proteins of NADPH oxidase system -> decrease ability of phagocytic cells to produce O2-, OH-, H2O2
• Catalase breaks down H2O2 -> decreases cell’s ability to destroy microbes -> macrophages fuse together (defective phagocytosis)
• Symptoms: severe infections of lungs, skin, visceral organs, bones

Question 11

NADPH Oxidase System

Answer 11

Enzyme complex in phagocytes that produces reactive oxygen species (highly reactive molecules containing oxygen that cause cell damage) during respiratory bursts

Question 12

Sarcoidosis

Answer 12

formation of granulomas in multiple organ system

Question 13

Sepsis (Septicemia)

Answer 13

Complication of infection: LPS and Exotoxin can damage endothelium and induce host cytokine production (damaged endothelium: TF, PAI-1)

Question 14

What cell secretes inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 14

Monocytes

Question 15

Tissue Factor (TF)

Answer 15

protein that initiates coagulation cascade by binding factor VIII

Question 16

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)

Answer 16

protein that inhibits tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase (regulating fibrinolysis and contributes to thrombosis)

Question 17

What are the functions of inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 17

1. Formation of fibrin clots (separate infection from healthy tissue)
2. Formation of thrombi (microvascular occlusions)
3. Increase vascular permeability/edema (Vascular instability

Question 18

How does LPS induce cytokine release?

Answer 18

1. LPS released from bacteria
2. Opsonized by LPS-binding protein (LBP)
3. LPS- LBP complex recognized by opsonic receptor
4. LPS-LBP-CD14 complex activates Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)
5. Signals through adaptor protein (MyD88) and serine kinase (IRAK: Interleukin-1 Receptor Associated Kinase)
6. Release of cytokines

Question 19

Shock

Answer 19

• Inadequate blood flow to tissue -> poor oxygen supply to organs

Question 20

Cardiogenic Shock

Answer 20

Heart inability to pump -> decreases cardiac outputs

Question 21

Hypovolemic Shock

Answer 21

Poor intravascular volume

Question 22

Distributive Shock

Answer 22

Massive dilation of blood vessels (increases capacitance of vascular system) and disproportion between blood volume and capacitance of vasculature (septic shock)

Question 23

Symptoms of septic shock

Answer 23

1. CNS: agitation, apathy, coma
2. Respiratory: tachypnea, dyspnea, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
3. Cardiovascular: tachycardia, hypotension, hypoxemia
4. Renal System: oliguria, azotemia
5. Liver/GI: ileus, mucosal, hemorrhage, abnormal liver function, jaundice
6. Hematopoietic: disseminated intravascular coagulation

Question 24

Tachypnea

Answer 24

abnormally rapid breathing rate

Question 25

Dysnea

Answer 25

Subjective feeling of difficulty breathing

Question 26

Oliguria

Answer 26

Decreased urine output

Question 27

Azotemia

Answer 27

Accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in blood