Lecture 15

Question 1

Benign epithelial tumor

Answer 1

-oma

Question 2

Malignant epithelial tumor

Answer 2

-carcinoma

Question 3

Benign glandular tumor

Answer 3

-adenoma

Question 4

Malignant glandular tumor

Answer 4

-adenocarcinoma

Question 5

Benign mesenchymal tumor

Answer 5

-oma

Question 6

Malignant mesenchymal tumor

Answer 6

-sarcoma

Question 7

Blastoma

Answer 7

malignant tumors of embryonic primordia/cells

Question 8

Glioma

Answer 8

malignant tumor that arises from glial cells in CNS

Question 9

Seminoma

Answer 9

malignant tumor for germ cells (testes)

Question 10

Ewing’s Sarcoma

Answer 10

rare type of bone cancer (children and adolescents)

Question 11

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Answer 11

cancer that causes lesions in skin, lymph nodes (immunosuppression- HIV/AIDS)

Question 12

Teratoma

Answer 12

Benign germ cell tumor

Question 13

Teratocarcinoma

Answer 13

Malignant germ cell tumor

Question 14

Anaplasia

Answer 14

Loss of differentiation and return to more embryonic state

Question 15

What is staging of tumors based on?

Answer 15

Clinical exam, x-ray, biopsy, surgical exploration

Question 16

International TNM

Answer 16

Method for staging: tumor size, lymph node involvement, metastasis

Question 17

What is grading based on?

Answer 17

Histological exam (benign or malignant nature)

Question 18

Grade I

Answer 18

Well-differentiated

Question 19

Grade II

Answer 19

Moderately well differentiated

Question 20

Grade III

Answer 20

Undifferentiated

Question 21

What are the hallmarks of cancer?

Answer 21

1. Sustaining proliferative signaling
2. Evading growth suppressors (genomic instability -> genetic diversity -> expedites acquisition and inflammation)
3. Activating invasion and metastasis
4. Enabling replicative immortality
5. Inducing angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels from existing ones)
6. Resisting cells death

Question 22

Tumor Suppressor Genes (TSGs)

Answer 22

Provide varied normal inhibitory mechanisms in cell proliferation or apoptosis in defective cells (both copies of TSG must be inactive to eliminate its function)

Question 23

p53

Answer 23

Cell damage -> p53 inhibits cell cycle (allows for DNA repair) and induces apoptosis of unwanted cells

Question 24

Proto-Oncogene

Answer 24

• normal cell counterpart of oncogene (regulate growth activating pathway
• overactivity predisposes to cancer development

Question 25

Burkitt's Lymphoma

Answer 25

- C-Myc (t(8:14)) - Non-hodgkin lymphoma

Question 26

C-Myc (t(8:14))

Answer 26

-C-Myc proto-oncogene - Overexpression of c-Myc oncogene - Myc codes for transcription factor that binds to DNA of other gene - Immunoglobulin gene on chromosome 14 increases activity of translocated C-Myc gene (if adjacent) -> lymphoma

Question 27

Carcinogenesis

Answer 27

1. Conversion of potentially harmful substance (procarcinogen) to carcinogen 2. INITIATION: Carcinogen formed induces irreversible changes (DNA mutations) 3. PROMOTION: initiated cells stimulated to proliferate (continuous exposure to carcinogen or to another non carcinogen growth promoter) 4. CONVERSION: Promoters must be applied until cells acquire ability to proliferate on own and convert to new cell type 5. PROGRESSION: converted cells acquire new genetic features, expand and progress to form clones that do not regress even after promoter or carcinogen removed 6. CLONAL EXPANSION: clones rapidly grown (identical) 7. Proliferation of divergent clones that arise by mutation of unstable tumor cells genome (tumor cell heterogeneity) 8. Selection favors most vital clone that adapts to adverse condition and outgrows all others

Question 28

What are the three pathways of metastasis?

Answer 28

1. Lymphatics 2. Blood (hematogenous) 3. Seeding surface of body cavity

Question 29

Autocrine motility factors

Answer 29

signaling molecules produced by cancer cells that promotes their own movement and invasiveness

Question 30

What are the steps of metastasis?

Answer 30

1. Primary tumor 2. Metastatic clone evolves 3. Proliferation of clone and invasion of vessel 4. Transport by circulation 5. Embolization 6. Invasion 7. New tumor formation