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Sociology 100 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Theology?

A

Systematic philosophical study of gods, including whether or not they exist, what their nature is.

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2
Q

What may Theology include?

A

May include metaphysical or moral arguments

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3
Q

What is Sociology of religion

A

Examines social impact of religion, by seeing how many people belong
to religions, and how this affects their behaviour.

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4
Q

What cant Sociology of religion prove/disprove?

A

Doesn’t prove/disprove existence of God.

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5
Q

What are Rites & rituals?

A

Collective practices, e.g.
worship, in which people engage in religion together.

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6
Q

What are Doctrines & beliefs?

A

The ideas, values, and
metaphysical claims that
any religion makes about its gods

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7
Q

What are Institutions when talking abt religion?

A

Religious institutions,
often with authority over those claiming to be part of religion

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8
Q

What are the 3 forms of religion?

A

-Organized religion
-Folk religion
-Spirituality

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9
Q

What is organized religion?

A

Set of social institutions
(buildings, hierarchies,
official doctrines) and shared worship oriented
towards a god.

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10
Q

What is Folk religion?

A

Religious/mystical beliefs
and practices as they are
understood among the
people, without formal
institutions.

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11
Q

What is Spirituality?

A

Informal, often-personal
beliefs about a transcendent realm,
perhaps involving
spiritual experiences.

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of Religious organizations?

A
  • Ecclesia
  • Denomination
  • Sect
  • New Religious Movement (NRM) / ‘Cult’
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13
Q

What type of organization would this describe?
1. Very large; includes everyone in a society:

  1. Membership by being part of society.
  2. Recognized and perhaps aligned with state
  3. Formally-organized, with a clear, structured hierarchy and trained, full-time clergy.
  4. Specific doctrines/beliefs (though may allow some interpretation)
  5. Formal religious services, with little direct participation
A

A Ecclesia organization

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14
Q

What type of organization is being described?

  1. Large, but not the sole religion in society.
  2. Membership by accepting doctrines.
  3. Tolerated by state, but not connected to
    it.
  4. Formally-organized, with a clear, structured hierarchy and trained, full-time clergy.
  5. Specific doctrines/beliefs (though may allow some interpretation)
  6. Formal religious services, with little direct participation.
A

A Denomination organization

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15
Q

What type of organization is being described?
1. Smaller, often new.

  1. Membership by accepting doctrines.
  2. Somewhat outside society, even if tolerated
  3. Some formal organization, perhaps with a
    degree of training for clergy.
  4. Emphasis on purity of doctrines; little independent interpretation allowed.
  5. Religious services may be less formal, and involve more emotional engagement.
A

A Sect organization

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16
Q

What type of organization is being described?
1. Small, enclosed, suspicious of outsiders.

  1. Membership by emotional commitment as
    well as accepting doctrines.
  2. May be in opposition to state & society.
  3. Less likely to have formal organization and trained clergy.
  4. Innovative, new doctrines, often stemming
    from a charismatic leader.
  5. Variety of forms of religious service
A

A New Religious Movement (NRM) / ‘Cult’ Organization

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17
Q

What is the Routinization
of Charisma?

A

The gradual transformation of extraordinary charismatic authority into regular, bureaucratized forms, for the sake of stability.

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18
Q

What are Sacred objects?

A
  • Set apart from daily life: they
    should not be treated lightly
  • Considered ‘holy,’ & treated as if they have mystical power.
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19
Q

What are Profane objects?

A
  • Objects of everyday use.
  • Cannot come into contact
    with sacred objects, so they
    don’t make them ‘unclean.’
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20
Q

What is a Totem?

A
  • A sacred object, symbol, animal etc, which represents the group as a whole.
  • Often represents certain characteristics, which are also implicitly characteristics of members of that society.
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21
Q

What are Negative rites?

A

‘Ascetic’ rites, or rites of abstention: things the individual has to avoid, or
has to go through to be ‘purified’

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22
Q

What are Positive rites?

A

‘Celebratory’ rites, things we must do in order to remind ourselves of the origins or stories of our society.

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23
Q

Different religions have different rates of
suicide, what is an example?

A

Across Europe, Protestants committed suicide at a much
higher rate than Catholics.

24
Q

What is Suicide (Durkheim)?

A

Any death from an act by individual who knew this would be result

25
Q

What are the types of suicide?

A
  • Egoistic
  • Altruistic
  • Anomic
  • Fatalistic
26
Q

What causes Egoistic suicide and give an example of a reason for that situation.

A
  • Lack of social
    bonds

e.g. Lonely depressive

27
Q

What causes Altruistic suicide and give an example of a reason for that situation.

A
  • Excess of social
    bonds

e.g. Religious martyrs

28
Q

What causes Anomic suicide and give an example of a reason for that situation.

A
  • Lack of social
    rules

e.g. Bankrupts

29
Q

What causes Fatalistic suicide and give an example of a reason for that situation.

A
  • Excess of social
    rules

e.g. Prisoners

30
Q

What is Collective
Effervescence?

A

A feeling of intoxicated rejoicing, and of almost
losing yourself in the crowd.

31
Q

When is Collective
Effervescence experienced?

A

Experienced above all in huge group or social celebrations, where usual rules are suspended.

32
Q

What is Civil Religion?

A

Collective festival that isn’t necessarily explicitly religious, but shares features of religious rites.

33
Q

What may Civil
Religion include?

A

May include big sports events or nationalism:
people celebrate group identities.

34
Q

What is a Protestant
Ethic?

A

Weber’s term for a specific set of beliefs and values held by Protestants in Europe, placing moral worth on hard work for its own sake, and prudence in saving money.

35
Q

What is Capitalism?

A

Socioeconomic system in which economy is in the hands of private individuals who produce and exchange in order to increase their profits.

36
Q

What is Theodicy?

A

Theological attempt to explain why there is evil in a world made by God

37
Q

What do we ask for Theodicy of good fortune?

A

Why do some prosper? Do they deserve it?

38
Q

What do we ask for Theodicy of suffering?

A

Why do good ppl suffer? Why does God allow this?

39
Q

What are the three reasons for Theodicy of Suffering?

A
  • Predestination
  • Dualism
  • Karma
40
Q

What is Predestination?

A

God willed it so in
advance.

41
Q

What is Dualism?

A

Cosmos is split between Good and Evil

42
Q

What is Karma?

A

Cosmic retribution for your crimes

43
Q

What is Symbolic
universe?

A

The total, internally consistent set of values and beliefs that members of a society draw on.

44
Q

What does Symbolic universe explain?

A

Explains and justifies order and habits of that society;
how individuals ‘explain’ society to selves

45
Q

What is a Materialist Conception of History?

A

Marx’s general theory of societies across time: human activity and social change are best understood as a set of systems of production, with social relations built on top of them.

46
Q

What are Intellectuals for Gramsci?

A

People who do mental labor, detached from production

47
Q

What are Traditional Intellectuals?

A
  • Separate class of people who are recognized as ‘intelligentsia.’
  • Priests, professors, lawyers etc.
48
Q

What are Organic Intellectuals?

A
  • Intellectuals emerging from the working classes, helping lead them.
  • They can be counter-hegemonic (in opposition to existing status quo)
49
Q

What is Millenarianism?

A
  • Belief that humanity is irredeemably corrupt, and the apocalypse is coming, after which all will be better.
  • Typically, but not always, religious.
50
Q

What is Secularization?

A

Decline in religious practices & beliefs in society in
recent centuries.

51
Q

Secularization is often seen in societies as they become more what?

A

Often seen as societies become more pluralist or
more industrialized & capitalist.

52
Q

What is Social differentiation?

A

The tendency for the single overarching social system to
split up into smaller, more specialized sub-systems as
society gets larger and more complex.

53
Q

What is Rationalization?

A

The social decline of traditional motives, values and beliefs, justified by appeal to divine authority, and their replacement by motives of efficiency, calculation, and systematic explanation.

54
Q

What is Disenchantment
of the World?

A

Literally ‘de-magicalization’: Increasing use of science to explain world, not supernatural forces.

55
Q

What does Disenchantment
of the World come/result from?

A

Results from rationalization / rise of science.

56
Q

What does Disenchantment
of the World lead to?

A

Leads to a general decline in meaning, as all our values are undermined and lose their foundation.

57
Q

What is Fundamentalism?

A
  • Religious movements that believe their religion has
    become corrupted and drifted away from its origins,
    so call for a return to its roots.
  • Usually conservative.

Sociology 100 (6 decks)

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