Lecture 14

Question 1

What are Cliques?

Answer 1

Small groups held together by self-defined set of norms and taboos.

Question 2

What is the pupose of Cliques?

Answer 2

Often deliberately seek to exclude others or to set strict
conditions of membership.

Question 3

What is Subculture?

Answer 3

• A distinct cultural unit of its own, with values, norms, and
  defined roles.
• Different from the mainstream, but not in active opposition to it.

Question 4

What is Manifest function?

Answer 4

Obvious role of education, training, preparation for the
job market.

Question 5

What is Latent function?

Answer 5

Hidden role of socialisation, teaching us key social values, learning to interact.

Question 6

What is Hidden
Curriculum?

Answer 6

The surreptitious way in which children are taught to
expect a certain place in society.

Question 7

Where is Hidden
Curriculum seen?

Answer 7

Seen in gendered classes (e.g. ‘cooking’ for girls), or in
careers people are prepared for.

Question 8

What is Identity
Crisis?

Answer 8

Erikson’s term for the challenge faced in adolescence of
reconciling your own sense of self and ability, the expectations of others, and your position in society, so as to create a stable identity or ego.

Question 9

Total Institution

Answer 9

• Foucault’s term for a social institution that we spend our
  entire time in, morning and night.
• it has complete control over every aspect of life.

Question 10

What is Formal Education?

Answer 10

• Education in recognised and accredited schools.
• Highly-institutionalised.

Question 11

What is Informal Education?

Answer 11

• How we learn for ourselves outside
  of institutions.
• Less organised/controlled

Question 12

What is a Meritocracy?

Answer 12

Social rank should depend on your ability, not on your
birth or wealth.

Question 13

What does Meritocracy do?

Answer 13

By ensuring educational opportunities are open to all,
those with greatest talent will have chance to rise to top.

Question 14

What is Credentialism?

Answer 14

Addition of qualification requirement to take a
job, e.g. degree, medical school.

Question 15

What jobs need Credentialism?

Answer 15

Growing numbers of jobs have such requirements
– including doctor, truck driver, acupuncturist.

Question 16

What is a Trophy Child?

Answer 16

Treating one’s child as a status symbol; valuing a child by its educational or sporting achievements alone.

Question 17

What is Capital?

Answer 17

A resource you can ‘invest’ in order to acquire more of it; something you use to increase your overall wealth, not just for pleasure.

Question 18

What is social, economic, and cultural Capital?

Answer 18

Social- The people you know; your connections in society.

Economic- Means of production, money etc.

Cultural- Knowledge of culture and more concrete signs of your education

Question 19

What are examples of social, economic, and cultural Capital?

Answer 19

Social- Your friend whose mother works for a top law firm and can arrange an internship for you.

Economic- Factories, company shares

Cultural- Degree from a ‘good’ university; ability to chat about art.

Question 20

What is Desegregation?

Answer 20

Attempt to ensure mixed-ethnicity schools by e.g.
bussing students in.

Question 21

What does Desegregation combat?

Answer 21

Combats inequalities of opportunity.

Question 22

What is Streaming?

Answer 22

Practice of sorting children into classes or schools by
educational achievement at young age.

Question 23

What were traditionally the Liberal arts?

Answer 23

Traditionally, the education required to be a ‘free’ citizen, able to take a full part in civic/political life, and capable of informed, rational debate.

Question 24

What are the liberal arts defined in opposition to?

Answer 24

Defined in opposition to ‘practical’ arts (e.g. carpentry, farming), which were ‘not free’ because they are necessary for preservation
of the body. Liberal arts are beyond what is merely necessary.

Question 25

What is Critical thinking?

Answer 25

Ability to understand complex arguments, to think independently,
to tackle unfamiliar ideas, and to express yourself verbally.

Question 26

What is the ‘Banking’ model
of education?

Answer 26

• Students treated as ‘empty bank accounts’, to be filled
  with valuable knowledge by teacher.
• Students are passive, teacher alone acts.

Question 27

What is Critical
Pedagogy?

Answer 27

Teaching inspired by Freire that encourages students to think, to behave as problem-solvers, and to be critically aware in their own learning.

Question 28

What is a Research
University?

Answer 28

Higher educational institution focused on production of research;
professors evaluated by publication & citation rather than by teaching.

Question 29

What is Institutional
theory?

Answer 29

Sociological focus on structures of institutions, how they incentivise certain ways of behaving, and the consequences.

Question 30

What is a Disciplinary society?

Answer 30

Foucault’s term for a micropolitics of power, manifest in numerous small institutions and everyday instances of control. Educational system is part of broad system to train you.