Lecture 15: PES

Question 1

total cost of down listing bird species in low and lower-middle income countries

Answer 1

$379-614 million annually

TOO MUCH

Question 2

PES

Answer 2

payments for ecosystem services

Question 3

whats an ecosystem service?

Answer 3

the provision of a natural resource or process that is valued by humankind

Question 4

millenium ecosystem assessment defined four broad categories

Answer 4

• supporting
• provisioning
• regulating
• cultural

Question 5

supporting services

Answer 5

necessary for production of all other ecosystem services

(soil formation, photosynthesis, nutrient recycling, seed dispersal and pollination

Question 6

provisional services

Answer 6

products = timber, food water fibre

Question 7

regulating services

Answer 7

benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes
–climate, flood,disease,water purification

Question 8

cultural services

Answer 8

• non-material benefits

- aesthetic,, recreational, mental wellbeing

Question 9

ecosystem services can be valued in ____

Answer 9

monetary terms

Question 10

three stages of valuation for ecosystem services

Answer 10

1) economic framing (ecosystems = capital, functions = services)
2) monetisation (given exchange values)
3) commodification (pricing systems)

Question 11

ecosystem services price

Answer 11

US$16-54 trillion per year

Question 12

dangers of commodification

Answer 12

• anthropocentric perspective that prises instrumental values to humans
• should we draw line in what should and shouldn’t be commodified

Question 13

theres a global ___ in energy use i

Answer 13

imbalance

Question 14

global ___ in deforestation

Answer 14

imabalnce

Question 15

REDD+

Answer 15

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

• the + was added to
• biodiveristy conservation
• sustainability forests
• enhancements of forest carbon stock

Question 16

UNFCCC predicts REDD+ payments could reach

Answer 16

$30 billion per year

Question 17

The REDD+ market: carbon sold must be

Answer 17

additional

• -reduce background rate of carbon emission
• enhance rate of carbon seuqestatoin
• GLOBAL carbon market

Question 18

can REDD+ save drylands forests?

Answer 18

carbon price for protection is v high

-dryland forests in Sunderland are unlikely to be protected

Question 19

indonesian REDD+ moratorium

Answer 19

• protected all peatlands >50cm deep

- excluded >35 Mha drylands logged forests

Question 20

deep peats store __ of carbon

Answer 20

A LOT

but are not v biodiverse

Question 21

carbon market demands __ prices

Answer 21

LOW

-$7.8 tCO2 in 2013

Question 22

REDD+ what does it do

Answer 22

cheaply protects carbon with biodiversity co-benefits in some areas e.g. Tropical Andes, Amazon
Elsewhere is either, will not meet market price
or will protect areas with big co-benefits

Question 23

three key REDD+ challenges

Answer 23

1) Neo-colonisation or pro poor
2) leakage
3) agricultural intensification

Question 24

PES schemes ___ nature

Answer 24

monetize and commodify nature

–SUPPORTING, PROVISIONING, REGULATING CULTURAL

Question 25

PES offers ___ to protect nature

Answer 25

big funds

Question 26

REDD+ will protect tropical forest carbon often in

Answer 26

hyper-diverse biodiverse places

–could be multi-billion industry

Question 27

Although threats are greta, PES, sensible planning and sustainability drives

Answer 27

makes the future positive for tropical forests