Lecture 15: PES Flashcards
total cost of down listing bird species in low and lower-middle income countries
$379-614 million annually
TOO MUCH
PES
payments for ecosystem services
whats an ecosystem service?
the provision of a natural resource or process that is valued by humankind
millenium ecosystem assessment defined four broad categories
- supporting
- provisioning
- regulating
- cultural
supporting services
necessary for production of all other ecosystem services
(soil formation, photosynthesis, nutrient recycling, seed dispersal and pollination
provisional services
products = timber, food water fibre
regulating services
benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes
–climate, flood,disease,water purification
cultural services
- non-material benefits
- aesthetic,, recreational, mental wellbeing
ecosystem services can be valued in ____
monetary terms
three stages of valuation for ecosystem services
1) economic framing (ecosystems = capital, functions = services)
2) monetisation (given exchange values)
3) commodification (pricing systems)
ecosystem services price
US$16-54 trillion per year
dangers of commodification
- anthropocentric perspective that prises instrumental values to humans
- should we draw line in what should and shouldn’t be commodified
theres a global ___ in energy use i
imbalance
global ___ in deforestation
imabalnce
REDD+
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
- the + was added to
- biodiveristy conservation
- sustainability forests
- enhancements of forest carbon stock
UNFCCC predicts REDD+ payments could reach
$30 billion per year
The REDD+ market: carbon sold must be
additional
- -reduce background rate of carbon emission
- enhance rate of carbon seuqestatoin
- GLOBAL carbon market
can REDD+ save drylands forests?
carbon price for protection is v high
-dryland forests in Sunderland are unlikely to be protected
indonesian REDD+ moratorium
- protected all peatlands >50cm deep
- excluded >35 Mha drylands logged forests
deep peats store __ of carbon
A LOT
but are not v biodiverse
carbon market demands __ prices
LOW
-$7.8 tCO2 in 2013
REDD+ what does it do
cheaply protects carbon with biodiversity co-benefits in some areas e.g. Tropical Andes, Amazon
Elsewhere is either, will not meet market price
or will protect areas with big co-benefits
three key REDD+ challenges
1) Neo-colonisation or pro poor
2) leakage
3) agricultural intensification
PES schemes ___ nature
monetize and commodify nature
–SUPPORTING, PROVISIONING, REGULATING CULTURAL
PES offers ___ to protect nature
big funds
REDD+ will protect tropical forest carbon often in
hyper-diverse biodiverse places
–could be multi-billion industry
Although threats are greta, PES, sensible planning and sustainability drives
makes the future positive for tropical forests
