Lecture 11: Hunting & Wildlife trade

Question 1

difference between pristine forest and ‘half-empty’ forest

Answer 1

man = hunting!

Question 2

current hunting rates are ____ and hunting is a major __ to ___ in tropical forests

Answer 2

• highly unsustainable
• threat
• large bodied vertebrates

Question 3

each km^2 of tropical forest can only sustainably proved for the annual wild meat protein needs of

Answer 3

a single person

Question 4

why does hunting occur?

Answer 4

• subsistence and local trade
• cultural/traditional reasons
• medicinal, luxury meat, skins and skulls
• cagebird & other pet trade

Question 5

why does hunting occur?subsistence and local trade:

Answer 5

• poor have no other alternative
• often only source of animal protein
• available to anyone willing to go hunting
• cheaper than domestic substitutes

Question 6

why does hunting occur?cultural/traditional reasons:

Answer 6

• feather,leather,bones etc
• -used in traditional garments, accessories and weapons
• festival/ceremonies
• e.g. religious, celestial

Question 7

religious (merit) release

Answer 7

• legal trade in wild-caught birds
• 2 temples in Phnom & Penh
• 680,000 birds per year
• US$235,000 in profit to seller

Question 8

why does hunting occur? medicinal

Answer 8

• huge market for natural medicines in Southeast Asia - but globalisation is increasing
• tiger bone, claws, fat, eyes, brain(cures laziness) , penis
• -bile treat convulsions in children with meningitis
• $70,000 in china

-rhinoceros horn (vietnam, hangover cure $97,000/kg)

Question 9

why does hunting occur? luxury meat

Answer 9

• local delicacies, huge market in SE asia

- pangolin (meat to eat & scales for medicine)

Question 10

does rarity matter in species when hunting?

Answer 10

YES, 202 ungulate species (hoofed)

-price increases

Question 11

why does hunting occur? cage bird and other pet trade

Answer 11

• birds
• beautiul songsters
• reptiles/frogs, invertebrates and mammals –> ANYTHING THAT LOOKS CUTE WHEN YOUNG
• international market

Question 12

direct consequences:

Answer 12

• decline in mean body mass

- extinction

Question 13

ivory:

Answer 13

highly valued in China Philippines, thailand etc

Question 14

example of extinction due to hunting:

Answer 14

Last Javan Rhinoceros shot in Cat Tien National Park

• Scat sniffer dog detect dung: 4th feb 2010
• rhino remains found 29th April 2010
• DNA from all dung piles & remains match
• rhino horn worth more than its weight in gold

Question 15

problems with prevention extinction

Answer 15

illegal wildlife trade is extremely lucrative

• perpetrators r well organised and well armed
• -criminal gangs, Lords resistance army janjaweed
• helicopter to gun down african elephant herds
• financially worthwhile to seek out last individual of dwindling population s
• can drive anthropogenic Allee effect
• –premium on rarity drives extinction

Question 16

hunting and wildlife trade driving declines in

Answer 16

many species –> big shifts in biomass and size structure of vertebrate assemblages

Question 17

indirect consequences:

Answer 17

• bigger seeds ingested by bigger primates
• little redundancy in seed dispersal services for large seeds (‘empty’ forest = J-C shorter dispersal)
• > 70% tress have lower recruitment with hunting

Question 18

_____ tropical forest are true unhunted

Answer 18

VERY FEW

-1.6% amazon strictly protected & inaccessible to hunters

Question 19

subsistence hunters remoce large % of

Answer 19

game biomasss

Question 20

frugivores often hunted out –>

Answer 20

result in loss of large seed dispersal services and change in forest composition