Lecture 12: Logging

Question 1

between 2000 -2005 __% of tropical forests were logged

Answer 1

20%

Question 2

over __ million hectare of tropical forest in permeant timber estate

Answer 2

400 million

Question 3

____ now dominate remaining tropical forest cover

Answer 3

logged

Question 4

___ logging in temperate zone

Answer 4

clear cutting

Question 5

____ logging in the tropics

Answer 5

selective, only large,

• marketable trees removed
• smaller or less desirable species left
• damaged forest remains
• damage depends on how mic wood cut

Question 6

concessions have management plans:

Answer 6

• only cut trees above set DBH

- harvest in rotations, typically 40-70years apart

Question 7

ecosystem functioning is

Answer 7

• the biological, geochemical and physical processes that operate within an ecosystem, sustaining it and enabling it to supply ecosystem services
• nutrient cycling, seed dispersal, pollination
• interactions within & between the structural components of ecosystems

Question 8

how would you study: Birds:

Answer 8

• all birds with point counts

- understorey birds with MIST NETS

Question 9

how would you study: Dung beetles:

Answer 9

baited pitfall traps

Question 10

how would you study: leaf-litter ants:

Answer 10

winkler traps

Question 11

effect of logging on biodiversity:NEGATIVES:

Answer 11

• changes species composition
• some species apparently extinct in landscape
• logging is harmful, re-logging magnifies harm

Question 12

effect of logging on biodiversity: positives:

Answer 12

• substantial amount of biodiversity persists

- includes Red-listed species (e.g. organutan )

Question 13

Logged forests are under threat …

Answer 13

CONVERSTION To agriculture –> resulting in massive loss of biodiversity!

Question 14

Functional diversity ____ after conversion

Answer 14

declines

Question 15

functional diversity ____ in logged forests

Answer 15

declines

Question 16

logged forests retains ___ diversity of functional traits

Answer 16

high

Question 17

ecosystem services:

Answer 17

natural environment provides human society with many services

• e.g. forests store carbon -> mitigate climate change
• prrimary forests store billions dos of carbon
• carbon sinks for 3+ decades, absorbing more carbon than they emit

Question 18

carbon storage after logging:

Answer 18

carbon storage declines, BUT logged forests absorb carbon

Question 19

logging is harmful to ___, but logged forests do retail much biodiversity value

Answer 19

biodiveristy

Question 20

challenges for logged forests:

Answer 20

1) promotes clearance
2) hunting
3) fires

Question 21

logged forests and clearance of agriculture:

Answer 21

-some logging occurs as part of land prep when primary forests are slated for conversion

Question 22

is logged forest more vulnerable the primary forest? Indonesian borneo

Answer 22

same as protected areas

Question 23

is logged forest more vulnerable the primary forest? AMAZON

Answer 23

same as primary forest <5km and >25km from roads

-but 5-25km from roads, logged forests are 2-4 times more likely to be cleared

Question 24

logged forests: roads an bushmeat hunting

Answer 24

• animals more likely to be found on roads used for logging

- gives people access to animals easier

Question 25

logged forests: fires

Answer 25

• canopy disruption & roads promote desiccation
• fine slash from logging highly flammable
• fortunately susceptibility to fire diminishes within a few years

Question 26

logged forests are ___ own area

Answer 26

vast

Question 27

logging and biodiversity

Answer 27

harmful, but forests retain much biodiveristy and carbon value

• -> conversion of logged forests to agriculture causes losses of biodiversity & carbon
• -NEED TO BETTER MANAGE CONCessions